4.3.
Antibiofilm
| Natural Product Compounds | Natural Product Class | Plant source | Antibacterial activity | Mechanism | Other biological activity | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial target | Activity | Derivative activity | ||||||
| Umbelliferone (13) Feselol (14) |
Coumarins | Apiaceae family (13) Ferula narthex Boiss. (14) |
S. epidermidis
S. aureus |
S. epidermidis 200 μg/mL MBIC (13) |
S. epidermidis 174 µg/mL MBIC S. aureus 87 µg/mL MBIC (14) |
Downregulation of genes key for biofilm formation via adhesion (icaD, aap, and pbh) | Anti-fungal, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities | 73, 74 |
|
| ||||||||
| Phillygenin (5) |
Lignans | Forsythia suspensa Vahl | H. pylori | 100–150 μg/mL MBIC | – | – | Antioxidant, protection of HDL and LDL lipid peroxidation, and may also have anti-inflammatory activity | 43 |
|
| ||||||||
| Rhein (7) Rhein-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8) |
Anthraquinones | Rheum palmatum L., Senna tora (L.) Roxb., Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke and Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. |
S. mutans
|
60% inhibition at 10 μg/mL, complete inhibition at 50 μg/mL (8) MBEC50 of 6.31 μg/mL and MBEC90 > 50 μg/mL (7) |
– | (7) may downregulate the expression of brpA and luxS in S. mutans |
Moderate bioactivity against human PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B) Promote the metabolic activity and purgative activity of sennoside A Neuroprotection, bacterial growth inhibition, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic |
52, 57 |
|
| ||||||||
| Emodin (9) N’-((4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2-yl) methylene) benzenesulfonohydrazide (10) |
Anthraquinones |
Frangula alnus Mill. (9) Rheum palmatum L. and Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (cassia seed) (10) |
Methicillin resistant S. aureus (9) Methicillin sensitive S. aureus (9) Methicillin resistant S. aureus (10) |
0.05–3.125 μg/mL MBIC 30% Biofilm Eradication at 12.5 μg/mL (9) 0.05–3.125 μg/mL MBIC (9) |
40% biofilm formation inhibition at 4 μg/mL (10) | Decrease in ica gene expression. (9) Dispersion of the biofilm into the planktonic culture (10) |
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and anticancer activity (9) |
62, 66 |
|
| ||||||||
| Chrysophanol (11) | Anthraquinones | Rheum palmatum L. | Streptococcus suis | MBIC: 0.124 μg/mL | – | Lack of interconnection between bacterial cells prevents biofilm formation | Cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective, and anti- inflammation | 67 |
|
| ||||||||
| Hypericin (12) | Anthraquinones | Hypericum perforatum L. | Methicillin resistant S. aureus |
60% inhibition at 8 μg/mL | – | Inhibits sarA expression in MRSA | Anticancer and antiviral | 69 |
|
| ||||||||
| α-Mangostin (20) | Xanthones | Garcinia mangostana L. | S. aureus | Attachment inhibition 75% at 4 μg/ml Formation inhibition: 2 μg/mL (MBIC) Eradication: 96% at 4 μg/mL |
Decrease in gene expression of dnaK | anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-viral | 94 | |
|
| ||||||||
| Andrographolides: diterpene lactone (32) sulfonate (33) |
Terpenoids |
Helichrysum caespititium (DC.) Sond (32) Andrographis paniculata paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. (33) |
N. gonorrhoeae (32) S. aureus |
81% attachment inhibition and 32% formation inhibition at 60 go/mL (32) Biofilm eradication at 25 mg/ml (33) |
(32) Disturbs extracellular polysaccharides cohesiveness (33) Down-regulates gene expression of intercellular adhesion genes (icaA, icaD, and PIA) |
131, 133 | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Oleanolic acid (45) Oleanolic acid – HDA (46) |
Terpenoids | Olea europaea L. |
S. aureus
|
(45) No eradication at 50 μg/mL | (46) 45% eradication at 50 μg/mL | Penetration of bacterial cellular membranes causing damage as well | Anti-cancer anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-parasitic, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant activities | 157 |
|
| ||||||||
| Maslinic acid (47) Maslinic acid – HDA (48) |
Terpenoids | Olea europaea L. |
S. aureus
|
(47) 20% eradication at 50 μg/mL | (48) 30% eradication at 50 μg/mL | Penetration of bacterial cellular membranes causing damage as well | Cardioprotection, anticancer, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory | 157 |