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. 2023 Sep 1;18:53. doi: 10.1186/s13062-023-00409-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — GBAP1 activates BMP/SMAD signaling under the mediation of miR-22-3p in HCC cells. A Transwell assay revealed that pcDNA/GBAP1 alone promoted migration and invasion of Hep3B cells, while miR-22-3p mimics or BMPR1A shRNA reversed the promotion effects of pcDNA/GBAP1 on migration and invasion of Hep3B cells. **P < 0.01 (Student’s t test). ***P < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA). B Transwell assay revealed that shGBAP1 alone inhibited migration and invasion of MHCC97H cells, while miR-22-3p inhibitors or pcDNA/BMPR1A reversed the inhibitory effects of shGBAP1 on migration and invasion of MHCC97H cells. ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t test). ***P < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA). C Wound healing assay revealed that pcDNA/GBAP1 alone promoted mobility of Hep3B cells, while miR-22-3p mimics or BMPR1A shRNA reversed the promotion effects of pcDNA/GBAP1 on Hep3B cells mobility. **P < 0.01 (Student’s t test). ***P < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA). D Wound healing assay revealed that shGBAP1 alone inhibited mobility of MHCC97H cells, while miR-22-3p inhibitors or pcDNA/BMPR1A reversed the inhibitory effects of shGBAP1 on MHCC97H cells mobility. ***P < 0.001 (Student’s t test). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA). E MTT assay revealed that pcDNA/GBAP1 alone promoted viability of Hep3B cells, while miR-22-3p mimics or BMPR1A shRNA reversed the promotion effects of pcDNA/GBAP1 on Hep3B cells viability. **P < 0.01 (two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s t test). F MTT assay revealed that shGBAP1 alone inhibited viability of MHCC97H cells, while miR-22-3p inhibitors or pcDNA/BMPR1A reversed the inhibitory effects of shGBAP1 on MHCC97H cells viability. **P < 0.01 (two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s t test). G EdU assay revealed that pcDNA/GBAP1 alone promoted Hep3B cells proliferation, while miR-22-3p mimics or BMPR1A shRNA reversed the promotion effects of pcDNA/GBAP1 on Hep3B cells proliferation. *P < 0.05 (Student’s t test). *P < 0.05 (two-way ANOVA). H EdU assay revealed that shGBAP1 alone inhibited MHCC97H cells proliferation, while miR-22-3p inhibitors or pcDNA/BMPR1A reversed the inhibitory effects of shGBAP1 on MHCC97H cells proliferation. **P < 0.01 (Student’s t test). ***P < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA). Magnification: 200 ×