Table 1.
Distributions of variables among the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) study participants
| Combined (N = 624) | Male (N = 182) | Female (N = 442) | p-valuese | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or N | Mean or N | Mean or N | ||
| Adipokines | ||||
| Adiponectin (ug/mL) | 26.3 (21.5) | 19.5 (18.3) | 29.1 (22.1) | < 0.001 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 21.9 (15.3) | 11.0 (10.3) | 26.4 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 34.5 (16.5) | 35.0 (17.5) | 34.3 (16.1) | 0.661 |
| Leptin-adiponectin ratio (LAR) | 1.24 (1.15) | 0.82 (0.87) | 1.41 (1.21) | < 0.001 |
| Adiponectin-Resitin Index (ARI) | 1.18 (0.31) | 1.31 (0.30) | 1.12 (0.29) | < 0.001 |
| cIMT | ||||
| Average cIMT (mm) | 0.67 (0.15) | 0.71 (0.19) | 0.66 (0.14) | 0.003 |
| Potential confounders | ||||
| Age (years) | 50.2 (14.4) | 48.6 (15.7) | 50.8 (13.7) | 0.097 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.7 (6.03) | 30.2 (5.94) | 30.9 (6.05) | 0.174 |
| Life time smoking > 100 cigarettes (N, %) | 182 (29.2%) | 99 (54.4%) | 83 (18.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Cytokines | ||||
| InterLeukin-6 (pg/mL) | 4.91 (6.77) | 4.55 (5.25) | 5.06 (7.31) | 0.331 |
| InterLeukin-1 Beta (pg/mL) | 1.83 (6.55) | 1.20 (1.26) | 2.08 (7.73) | 0.02 |
| InterLeukin-8 (pg/mL) | 9.14 (8.70) | 9.69 (7.91) | 8.91 (9.00) | 0.284 |
| Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (pg/mL) | 5.27 (3.58) | 5.49 (3.65) | 5.17 (3.55) | 0.311 |
| Metabolic profile | ||||
| Normal glucose tolerance (yes) (N, %)a | 215 (34.5%) | 56 (30.8%) | 159 (36.0%) | 0.25 |
| Normal blood pressure (N, %)b | 342 (54.8%) | 86 (47.3%) | 256 (57.9%) | 0.019 |
| Normal lipid level (N, %)c | 239 (38.3%) | 87 (47.8%) | 152 (34.4%) | 0.002 |
| Medications | ||||
| T2D Medication (yes) (N, %) | 123 (19.7%) | 26 (14.3%) | 97 (21.9%) | 0.038 |
| Hypertension medication (yes) (N, %) | 195 (31.3%) | 55 (30.2%) | 140 (31.7%) | 0.794 |
| Lipid lowering medication (yes) (N, %) | 172 (27.6%) | 47 (25.8%) | 125 (28.3%) | 0.599 |
| Metabolic health | ||||
| Metabolically elevated riskd (yes) (N, %) | 507 (81.3%) | 146 (80.2%) | 361 (81.7%) | 0.756 |
aNormal glucose tolerance: HbA1c < 5.7 and fasting blood glucose < 100
bNormal blood pressure: SBP < 120 and DBP < 80
cNormal lipid levels: HDL-C ≥ 40 for males and ≥ 50 for females, LDL-C < 160, and TG < 200
dMetabolically elevated risk defined as having at least 2 of the following components: (1) SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg or taking antihypertensive medication; (2) TG ≥ 150 mg/dL; (3) HDL < 40 mg/dL in males or < 50 mg/dL in females; (4) FBG ≥ 100 mg/dL or taking hypoglycemic medication; (5) HOMA-IR > 5.13; (6) CRP > 3 mg/L
ep-values from t-test (for continuous variables) and chi-square test (for binary variables) for the sex-differences