Table 2.
Study, surgery, and intervention characteristics of 70 randomized trials of prehabilitation
| Study characteristics | ||
| Year of publication, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| 1995 | 1 | 1% |
| 2004 | 1 | 1% |
| 2006 | 2 | 3% |
| 2009 | 2 | 3% |
| 2010 | 2 | 3% |
| 2011 | 1 | 1% |
| 2012 | 2 | 3% |
| 2013 | 3 | 4% |
| 2014 | 6 | 9% |
| 2015 | 2 | 3% |
| 2016 | 4 | 6% |
| 2017 | 5 | 7% |
| 2018 | 7 | 10% |
| 2019 | 3 | 4% |
| 2020 | 9 | 13% |
| 2021 | 13 | 19% |
| 2022 | 7 | 10% |
| Origin of studies, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Europe | 32 | 46% |
| North America | 25 | 36% |
| Asia | 11 | 16% |
| Australia | 1 | 1% |
| South America | 1 | 1% |
| Type of prehabilitation program, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Exercise only | 40 | 57% |
| Nutrition only | 2 | 3% |
| Functional | 2 | 3% |
| Cognitive training | 3 | 4% |
| Multimodal | 23 | 33% |
| Population included, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Surgery, non-oncologic | 30 | 43% |
| Surgery, oncologic | 32 | 46% |
| Mixed oncologic and non-oncologic | 8 | 11% |
| Surgery characteristics1, n (%) | ||
| Non-oncological surgery | 38 | 100% |
| Orthopedic | 19 | 50% |
| Heart | 6 | 16% |
| Spine | 4 | 11% |
| Colorectal | 3 | 8% |
| Lung | 1 | 3% |
| Hernia | 1 | 3% |
| Mixed non-oncologic surgeries | 4 | 11% |
| Oncologic surgery | 40 | 100% |
| Colorectal | 14 | 35% |
| Lung | 12 | 30% |
| Urological | 4 | 10% |
| Esophageal | 2 | 5% |
| Hepatobiliary | 1 | 3% |
| Pancreatic | 1 | 3% |
| Mixed oncologic surgeries | 6 | 15% |
| Sample size, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Reached | 24 | 34% |
| Not reached | 31 | 44% |
| Not calculated | 15 | 21% |
| Number of patients per trial | ||
| Min–max number | 15–668 | |
| Mean (SD) | 89.8 (93.2) | |
| Median [IQR] | 60.0 [34.0–110.0] | |
| Primary outcome, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Performance based | 25 | 36% |
| Clinician reported | 22 | 31% |
| Patient reported | 10 | 14% |
| Observer reported | 3 | 4% |
| Biomarker | 1 | 1% |
| Mixed | 5 | 7% |
| Unclear/not specified | 4 | 6% |
| Primary outcome significant, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Yes | 45 | 64% |
| No | 25 | 36% |
| Baseline reporting of patient characteristics, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Malnutrition | 8 | 11% |
| Frailty | 4 | 6% |
| Sarcopenia | 0 | 0% |
| Intervention characteristics | ||
| Location of prehabilitation delivery, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Home | 20 | 29% |
| Supervised | 28 | 40% |
| Tele-prehab | 1 | 1% |
| Combination | 19 | 27% |
| Not specified | 2 | 3% |
| Nutrition intervention, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Yes | 16 | 23% |
| No | 51 | 73% |
| Usual care nutrition | 3 | 4% |
| Psychological intervention, n (%) | 70 | 100% |
| Yes | 13 | 19% |
| No | 57 | 81% |
| Duration of prehabilitation (weeks) | ||
| Min–max | 1–14 | |
| Mean (SD) | 4.7 (2.5) | |
| Median [IQR] | 4.0 [3.0–6.0] | |
| Total prehabilitation sessions | ||
| Min–max | 3–126 | |
| Mean (SD) | 18.8 (17.3) | |
| Median [IQR] | 14.0 [11.2–20.8] | |
| Guidelines cited | N | 100% |
| CONSORT | 17 | 24% |
| CONSORT & TIDieR | 1 | 1% |
| CONSORT & CERT | 1 | 1% |
| CONSORT flow chart | 12 | 17% |
1Because 8 studies included both cancer and non-cancer patients, surgery characteristics overlap. Min Minimal value; Max Maxima value, SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range, ns Not specified, CONSORT Consolidated Standards of Reporting of Trials, TIDieR Template for Intervention Description and Replication, CERT Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template