Table 3.
Summary of molecular features of undifferentiated carcinoma
| Author (year) | KRAS mutation | KRAS amplification | TP53 mutation | SMAD4 | CDKN2A | EMT-related marker expression | Predictive biomarkers for ICIs | SWI/SNF complex subunits | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss of E-cadherin | Snai2 | Twist1 | PD-L1 | MSI-high | TMB-high | SMARCB1 (INI1) | ARID1A (SMARCF1) | ||||||
| Anaplastic UCs | |||||||||||||
| Hoorens (1998) (33) | 59% | ||||||||||||
| Paal E (2001) (7) | 67%a | 71% | |||||||||||
| Mattilo (2021) (40) | 60%a | 100%a | 30%a | ||||||||||
| Sakakida (2023) (35) | 76% | 68% | 8% | 40% | 0% | 0% | 8% | ||||||
| Sarcomatoid UCs | |||||||||||||
| Gkountakos (2022) (41) | 100% | 30% | 90% | 10% | 60% | ||||||||
| Faber (2023) (42) | 86% | 7% | 86% | 10% | 18% | 63%a | 2% | 2% | |||||
| Rhabdoid UCs | |||||||||||||
| Agaimy (2015) (43) | 54% | 38% | 29%a | ||||||||||
| UCOGCs | |||||||||||||
| Hoorens (1998) (33) | 50% | ||||||||||||
| Lehrke (2017) (49) | 80%a | ||||||||||||
| Hrudka (2020) (50) | 69.2%a | 76.9%a | 0%a | ||||||||||
| Mattilo (2021) (40) | 31.3%a | 50%a | 25%a | ||||||||||
EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; SWI/SNF, SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; MSI, microsatellite instability; TMB, tumour mutation burden; UC, undifferentiated carcinoma.
aAssessed by immunohistochemistry.