Table 2.

Table comparing different neuroplasticity-based interventions in stroke recovery

Intervention type	Description of intervention	Targeted neural mechanisms	Efficacy in stroke recovery
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT)	Restricting the use of the unaffected limb to promote intensive use of the affected limb	Motor cortex reorganisation, synaptic plasticity	Improved motor function, increased use of affected limb
Physical therapy	Rehabilitation techniques involving exercises, stretches, and movements to improve motor function and mobility	Motor learning, neuroplasticity	Improved motor function, functional outcomes
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)	Noninvasive brain stimulation using a weak direct current to modulate neural activity in targeted brain regions	Modulation of cortical excitability, synaptic plasticity	Improved motor function, cortical reorganisation
Speech therapy	Targeted exercises and techniques to improve speech and language deficits resulting from stroke	Neuroplasticity in language areas, cortical reorganisation	Improved speech and language function
Brain–machine interface (BMI)	A direct connection between the brain and an external device, allowing individuals to control devices using their brain signals	Neuroplasticity, cortical reorganisation	Improved motor function, communication, and control of external devices
Brain–computer interface (BCI)	Similar to BMI, BCI enables communication and control of devices using brain signals, focusing on nonmotor functions	Neuroplasticity, cortical reorganisation	Improved communication, assistive technology control, cognitive function, and quality of life
Cell therapy	Transplantation of stem cells or progenitor cells into the brain to promote regeneration and functional recovery	Neuroregeneration, trophic support, modulation of neuroinflammation	Potential for improved motor and cognitive function, but further research is needed