Table 3.

Summary of Fabiano-Smith and Bunta (2012) interpretations and reinterpretations.

Original interpretations	Reinterpretations under translanguaging
Spanish VOT did not differ between monolingual Spanish and bilingual Spanish, but Spanish influence on English is more evident on the bilabial plosive than the velar plosive.	Phonetic cues, such as voice onset time (VOT), are the same between individuals who share the same feature in their linguistic repertoire, but hybridization can occur between two features to create a novel feature that can be deployed.
The less marked (i.e., less complex) feature will be more easily transferred and persist longer in development.	Features that are less marked may be deployed more often because of their reduced complexity relative to the other features that can be selected to fit within the same phonemic parameters. Because of an increased deployment of this less marked feature, the child may utilize this phone selection for efficiency before acquiring a new phone that could be added to the repertoire and deployed.
Monolingual English VOT closer to adult than bilingual English, so bilingual acquisition of VOT might be slower than monolingual in this aspect.	In translanguaging, we focus on the idiolect; therefore, there is no function of a monolingual standard comparing VOT as a feature. Due to the nature of the preexisting VOT features that can be deployed, a bilingual child may deploy a hybrid, pre-existing, or better represented feature.
MS and BS demonstrated little variability for /p/ and /k/ due to preference for shorter lag time that tends to characterize early VOT development. This is evidence of cross-language influence due to equivalence classification.	The little variability is due to the overlap of features both groups share in their repertoires. Categories were not “blocked” and categorized into single groups, but rather, shorter lag times are a feature that exists in the bilingual Spanish group as well as the monolingual Spanish group; hence, it is likely to be deployed.
VOT is different in English but not in Spanish; therefore, phonetic level of speech production site of cross-language influence.	VOT is going to be different across stop sounds and the existence of two features can result in a blend or hybridization of a novel feature.