Table 5.
Typology of within-utterance code-switching shown by children in the typical language development (TLD) and developmental language disorder (DLD) groups during Spanish samples (i.e., from Spanish to English) and during English samples (i.e., from English to Spanish).
| Group | Insertion | Alternation | Alternation and insertion | Congruent lexicalization plus others | None |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish to English | |||||
| TLD | 12 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 18 |
| DLD | 10 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 12 |
| English to Spanish | |||||
| TLD | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20 |
| DLD | 6 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 19 |
Note. Separately for the Spanish and English samples, children were characterized as exhibiting no within-utterance code-switching, insertions only, alternations only, both insertions and alternations, or congruent lexicalization (which only occurred in combination with other types). See Table 2 for an example of each type of code-switching.