Table 3.
Associations Between PM2.5 (10 µg/m3), Extreme Heat Events, and Multimorbidity
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 year | 2 years | 3 years | 4 years | 5 years | |
| PM2.5 | −0.103*** (−0.124 to −0.083) |
−0.013 (−0.035–0.009) |
0.045*** (0.020–0.070) |
0.064*** (0.037–0.091) |
0.051** (0.016–0.086) |
| Heat events | −0.004 (−0.034–0.025) |
0.187*** (0.163–0.212) |
0.078*** (0.069–0.088) |
0.059*** (0.050–0.068) |
0.015*** (0.007–0.024) |
| Age | 0.070*** (0.055–0.085) |
0.065*** (0.050–0.080) |
0.062*** (0.047–0.077) |
0.063*** (0.048–0.078) |
0.066*** (0.050–0.081) |
| Age × Age | −0.0001* (−0.0003 to −5.44e−06) |
−9.66e−05 (−0.0002 to 2.85e−05) |
−7.08e−05 (−0.0002 to 5.42e−05) |
−7.69e−05 (−0.0002 to 4.82e−05) |
−8.88e−05 (−0.0002 to 3.66e−05) |
| Gender (ref: man) | |||||
| Woman | 0.186*** (0.145–0.227) |
0.183*** (0.143–0.224) |
0.183*** (0.142–0.224) |
0.184*** (0.143–0.225) |
0.187*** (0.146–0.228) |
| Education (ref: no schooling) | |||||
| Primary | 0.114*** (0.0723–0.156) |
0.111*** (0.069–0.152) |
0.111*** (0.069–0.152) |
0.113*** (0.071–0.155) |
0.118*** (0.0764–0.160) |
| Middle+ | 0.061* (0.009–0.112) |
0.059* (0.008–0.111) |
0.0579* (0.007–0.109) |
0.060* (0.008–0.111) |
0.065* (0.013–0.116) |
| HuKou (ref: rural) | |||||
| Urban | 0.056* (0.004–0.107) |
0.050# (−0.002–0.101) |
0.051# (−0.0004–0.103) |
0.055* (0.003–0.107) |
0.059* (0.007–0.110) |
| Occupations (ref: agricultural) | |||||
| Nonagricultural | −0.022# (−0.047–0.003) |
−0.024# (−0.049–0.001) |
−0.0244# (−0.050–0.001) |
−0.0232# (−0.048–0.002) |
−0.0210 (−0.046–0.004) |
| Retired | 0.126*** (0.101–0.151) |
0.127*** (0.103–0.152) |
0.127*** (0.103–0.152) |
0.127*** (0.102–0.151) |
0.127*** (0.102–0.152) |
| Expenditure | 0.033*** (0.028–0.038) |
0.033*** (0.029–0.038) |
0.034*** (0.029–0.039) |
0.034*** (0.029–0.039) |
0.034*** (0.029–0.039) |
| Marital (ref: paternal) | |||||
| Single | 0.113*** (0.067–0.160) |
0.114*** (0.068–0.161) |
0.114*** (0.068–0.161) |
0.114*** (0.068–0.160) |
0.113*** (0.067–0.160) |
| Log population density | 0.006 (−0.053–0.065) |
0.073* (0.014–0.133) |
0.082** (0.022–0.142) |
0.068* (0.008–0.129) |
0.051# (−0.010–0.111) |
| Log GDP | 0.830*** (0.788–0.871) |
0.936*** (0.895–0.978) |
0.983*** (0.941–1.025) |
1.007*** (0.963–1.050) |
0.970*** (0.926–1.013) |
| Constant | −10.80*** (−11.54 to −10.05) |
−12.57*** (−13.31 to −11.83) |
−13.27*** (−14.01 to −12.53) |
−13.58*** (−14.33 to −12.83) |
−13.13*** (−13.90 to −12.37) |
| Random effects | |||||
| Within individual | |||||
| Change rate (age) | 0.005*** | 0.005*** | 0.005*** | 0.005*** | 0.005*** |
| Intercept | 14.135*** | 13.721*** | 13.690*** | 13.710*** | 13.964*** |
| Covariance | −0.253*** | −0.245*** | −0.245*** | −0.245*** | −0.250*** |
| Between cities | |||||
| Residuals | 0.500*** | 0.605*** | 0.670*** | 0.688*** | 0.644*** |
| Between individuals | |||||
| Residuals | 0.495*** | 0.495*** | 0.494*** | 0.495*** | 0.497*** |
| Observations | 52,625 | 52,625 | 52,625 | 52,625 | 52,625 |
| Number of cities | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 |
Notes: GDP = gross domestic product; PM2.5= particulate matter 2.5.
***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05. #p < .1.