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. 2023 Sep 1;14:5323. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41154-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The graph shows the efficiency differences. Note the impact of considering the entire size distribution (OME) versus only the fraction below 0.3 µm (ME < 0.3 µm) of a polydisperse test aerosol. Increasing the aerosol dispersion (e.g., increasing GSD from 1.2 to 3) results in a significant difference between OME and ME. Moreover, various filter media (FFP2 mask, ePM₁ 85%, and ePM₁ 55%) exhibit different effects. The difference between OME and ME < 0.3 µm increases when air filter efficiency decreases.