Table 2.
Odds ratios (ORs) for falls occurring during hospitalization based on fall-risk- inducing drugs (FRIDS) by class.
| Sample size | Non-fall case | Fall case | P value | Crude OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3408 | 852 | |||
| CNS-active medications | ||||
| Opioids | ||||
| Non-user | 2566 (75.3%) | 527 (61.9%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 842 (24.7%) | 325 (38.1%) | 1.88 (1.60, 2.20) | |
| Antipsychotics | ||||
| Non-user | 3160 (92.7%) | 689 (80.9%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 248 (7.3%) | 163 (19.1%) | 3.01 (2.43, 3.73) | |
| Anxiolytics | ||||
| Non-user | 2652 (77.8%) | 600 (70.4%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 756 (22.2%) | 252 (29.6%) | 1.47 (1.25, 1.74) | |
| Hypnotics and sedatives | ||||
| Non-user | 3096 (90.8%) | 731 (85.8%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 312 (9.2%) | 121 (14.2%) | 1.64 (1.31, 2.06) | |
| Antidepressants | ||||
| Non-user | 3276 (96.1%) | 788 (92.5%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 132 (3.9%) | 64 (7.5%) | 2.02 (1.48, 2.74) | |
| Antiepileptic | ||||
| Non-user | 3165 (92.9%) | 707 (83%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 243 (7.1%) | 145 (17%) | 2.67 (2.14, 3.33) | |
| Cardiovascular medications | ||||
| Vasodilators used in cardiac diseases | ||||
| Non-user | 3160 (92.7%) | 804 (94.4%) | 0.09 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 248 (7.3%) | 48 (5.6%) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.05) | |
| Antihypertensives | ||||
| Non-user | 3287 (96.4%) | 816 (95.8%) | 0.35 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 121 (3.6%) | 36 (4.2%) | 1.2 (0.82, 1.75) | |
| Diuretics | ||||
| Non-user | 2913 (85.5%) | 664 (77.9%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 495 (14.5%) | 188 (22.1%) | 1.67 (1.38, 2.01) | |
| Beta blocking agents | ||||
| Non-user | 2735 (80.3%) | 677 (79.5%) | 0.60 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 673 (19.7%) | 175 (20.5%) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) | |
| Calcium channel blockers | ||||
| Non-user | 2805 (82.3%) | 670 (78.6%) | 0.01 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 603 (17.7%) | 182 (21.4%) | 1.26 (1.05, 1.52) | |
| Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RAS) | ||||
| Non-user | 2552 (74.9%) | 663 (77.8%) | 0.08 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 856 (25.1%) | 189 (22.2%) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | |
| Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists | ||||
| Non-user | 3088 (90.6%) | 762 (89.4%) | 0.30 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 320 (9.4%) | 90 (10.6%) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) | |
| Digitalis glycosides | ||||
| Non-user | 3375 (99%) | 842 (98.8%) | 0.59 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 33 (1%) | 10 (1.2%) | 1.21 (0.60, 2.47) | |
| Others | ||||
| Anti-Parkinson drugs–anticholinergic agents | ||||
| Non-user | 3376 (99.1%) | 843 (98.9%) | 0.75 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 32 (0.9%) | 9 (1.1%) | 1.13 (0.54, 2.37) | |
| Anti-Parkinson drugs–dopaminergic agents | ||||
| Non-user | 3345 (98.2%) | 835 (98%) | 0.78 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 63 (1.8%) | 17 (2%) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.86) | |
| Drugs used in diabetes | ||||
| Non-user | 2637 (77.4%) | 591 (69.4%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 771 (22.6%) | 261 (30.6%) | 1.51 (1.28, 1.78) | |
| Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids (NSAIDs) | ||||
| Non-user | 2823 (82.8%) | 767 (90%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 585 (17.2%) | 85 (10%) | 0.53 (0.42, 0.68) | |
| Contact laxatives | ||||
| Non-user | 2321 (68.1%) | 488 (57.3%) | < 0.001 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 1087 (31.9%) | 364 (42.7%) | 1.59 (1.37, 1.86) | |
| Proton pump inhibitors (vonoprazan excluded) | ||||
| Non-user | 2256 (66.2%) | 515 (60.4%) | 0.002 | 1 (reference) |
| User | 1152 (33.8%) | 337 (39.6%) | 1.28 (1.10, 1.50) | |