Table 1.

Characteristics of enzymes used in this study.

Enzyme	Calculated pIa	Mass/kDa	Assembly stateb	Coenzyme
Pyruvate oxidase (POX)	5.32	67.2	–	Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
L-Lactate oxidase (LOX)	5.66	40.6	Tetramer	Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
D-Lactate dehydrogenase (DLD)	6.89	65.0	Tetramer	FAD
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)	6.94	41.0	Monomer and dimer	Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)
Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH)	8.93	53.7	Tetramer	PQQ

^aThe pI of each enzyme was estimated from the amino acid sequence using ProtParam (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/).

^bThe assembly state of each enzyme was determined via size exclusion chromatography (Fig. S4), except for POX, which was difficult to measure due to nonspecific interaction to the column.