Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Aug 1;55(8):1783–1794. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01065-2

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — a Schematic diagram of the 3-chamber social behavior test. The social preference and recognition of vehicle (control)- or VPA-exposed mice were evaluated. b Left: in the social preference test, VPA-exposed mice did not show a significant preference for a novel conspecific (M) over an empty cup (E), while control mice showed a significant preference for the novel conspecific (n = 19 mice for control, n = 20 mice for VPA, two-way ANOVA: VPA, F_{1, 74} = 2.290e−014, P > 0.9999; target, F_{1, 74} = 54.32, ****P < 0.0001; interaction, F_{1, 74} = 38.2, ****P < 0.0001; Sidak’s multiple comparisons test: control, mouse versus object t₇₄ = 9.461, ****P < 0.0001; VPA, mouse versus object t₇₄ = 0.8525, P = 0.6360). Right: preference index (PI) of control and VPA-exposed mice. VPA-exposed mice showed significantly lower PI values than control mice (n = 19 for control, n = 20 for VPA, two-tailed unpaired t test; t₃₇ = 4.37, ****P < 0.0001). c Representative heatmap images of the social preference test of control (upper) and VPA-exposed mice (lower). d Left: in the social recognition test, VPA-exposed mice did not show a significant preference for a novel conspecific (N) versus a familiar conspecific (F), while control mice showed a significant preference for the novel conspecific (n = 19 mice for control, n = 20 mice for VPA, two-way ANOVA: VPA, F_{1, 74} = 0.000, P > 0.9999; target, F_{1, 74} = 33.36, ****P < 0.0001; interaction, F_{1, 74} = 24.82, ****P < 0.0001; Sidak’s multiple comparisons test: control, novel versus familiar t₇₄ = 7.511, ****P < 0.0001; VPA, novel versus familiar t₇₄ = 0.5683, P = 0.8164). Right: PI of control and VPA-exposed mice. VPA-exposed mice showed significantly lower PI values than control mice (n = 19 for control, n = 20 for VPA, two-tailed unpaired t test; t₃₇ = 4.523, **P = 0.0012). e Representative heatmap images of the social recognition test of control mice (upper) and VPA-exposed mice (lower).