Table 2.
Determinants of participation in contract farming and parboiled rice income.
| Dependent variable: Income |
Endogenous Switching Regression |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Producers |
Processors |
|||||
| Selection | Parboiled rice income |
Selection | Parboiled rice income |
|||
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
|||
| Contract | No contract | Contract | No contract | |||
| Age (year) | 0.004 (0.030) | 0.008 (0.006) | 0.146*** (0.045) | 0.021* (0.012) | 0.060** (0.035) | 0.216*** (0.025) |
| Education (1 = Yes; 0 = No) | 0.396** (0.326) | 0.267** (0.126) | 0.207 (11.29) | 0.196** (0.101) | 0.280 (0.610) | −0.407 (11.08) |
| Gender (1 = Male; 0 = Female) | 0.029** (0.005) | 0.050*** (0.015) | −0.054 (2.264) | 0.024* (0.015) | 0.028*** (0.008) | −0.054 (1.964) |
| Ln household Size | 0.034** (0.017) | −0.319** (0.150) | −1.435 (10.29) | 0.021** (0.014) | −0.319** (0.15) | −1.435 (5.990) |
| Experience | 0.052* (0.025) | 0.002* (0.008) | 0.043 (6.082) | 0.062* (0.015) | −0.0118** (0.014) | 0.023 (3.062) |
| Access to quality product | 0.043 (6.012) | −0.041 (1.637) | −1.238 (−0.700) | 0.013 (3.082) | −0.0413 (1.637) | −1.231 (−0.510) |
| Level of parboiled rice | −0.328 (0.700) | −0.055 (0.122) | −0.035 (0.252) | −1.238 (−0.700) | 0.040*** (0.075) | −0.034 (3.964) |
| Government support to contracted farmers | 0.074** (0.035) | 0.043 (0.133) | 0.122 (0.113) | −0.024 (0.352) | −0.119 (0.15) | −1.064 (7.79) |
| Supervisor contract | 0.111 (0.103) | −0.194 (0.133) | −0.194 (0.400) | 0.172 (0.183) | 0.017* (0.01) | 0.121 (0.042) |
| Distance to market (km) | 0.139 (0.241) | 0.206*** (0.055) | 1.578*** (0.014) | 0.286 (0.176) | 0.036 (0.055) | 0.178*** (0.022) |
| Agricultural credit (1 = Yes 0 = No) | 0.130*** (0.023) | 0.064*** (0.021) | 0.500*** (0.072) | −0.280 (0.733) | 0.052*** (0.010) | 0.700*** (0.035) |
| Technical assistance | 0.075*** (0.017) | 0.055* (0.032) | ||||
| Member of a cooperative | 0.291* (0.160) | 0.090*** (0.012) | ||||
| Constante | −0.1012 (1.092) | −0.031 (5.512) | 0.048 (16.99) | −0.121 (1.092) | −0.021 (4.412) | 0.038 (13.92) |
| Rho_0 | 7.71*** (0.210) | 4.71*** (0.160) | ||||
| Rho_1 | 14.21*** (0.172) | 11.11*** (0.162) | ||||
| Loglikelihood = −504.35 | Log likelihood = −4187.082 | |||||
| Wald chi2 (15) = 40.41 | Wald chi2 (15) = 633.49 | |||||
| Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 | Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 | |||||
| LR test = 6.63 | LR test = 5.33 | |||||
| Prob > chi2 = 0.04 | Prob > chi2 = 0.04 | |||||
| Obs: 400 | Obs: 250 | |||||
Note ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05 et * p < 0.1. Standard error within parenthesis.