Table 3.
List of drug-resistant genes identified by whole genome sequencing
| Gene | Underlying drug resistance | No. strains | Detection rate (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KPC-2 | Monobactam, carbapenem, cephalosporin and penam antibiotics | 14 | 77.8 | [29] |
| parC | Fluoroquinolones | 14 | 77.8 | [30] |
| rmtB | Aminoglycosides | 12 | 66.7 | [31] |
| sul2 | Sulfonamides, i.e., sulfamethizole | 12 | 66.7 | [32] |
| SHV-134 | Carbapenem, cephalosporin and penam antibiotics | 11 | 61.1 | [33] |
| tet(A) | Tigecycline and tetracycline | 11 | 61.1 | [34] |
| CTX-M-65 | Cephalosporins | 9 | 50.0 | [34] |
| LAP-2 | Fluoroquinolone, aminoglycoside, tetracycline and rifamycin antibiotics | 9 | 50.0 | [35] |
| AAC(3)-IId | Aminoglycosides | 7 | 38.9 | [36] |
| SHV-11 | Carbapenem, cephalosporin and penam antibiotics | 7 | 38.9 | [37] |
| APH(6)-Id | Aminoglycosides, i.e., streptomycin | 5 | 27.8 | [38] |
| APH(3’’)-Ib | Aminoglycosides, i.e., streptomycin | 4 | 22.2 | [38] |
| dfrA14 | Diaminopyrimidines, i.e., trimethoprim | 4 | 22.2 | [39] |
| sul1 | Sulfonamides, i.e., sulfamethoxadiazole | 3 | 16.7 | [40] |
| TEM-1 | Monobactam, cephalosporin, penam and penicillin antibiotics | 3 | 16.7 | [41] |
| AAC(6’)-Ib-cr | Aminoglycosides, i.e., ciprofloxacin and netilmicin | 2 | 11.1 | [42] |
| dfrA27 | Diaminopyrimidines, i.e., trimethoprim | 2 | 11.1 | [43] |
| floR | Chloramphenicol, florfenicol and other chloramphenicol antibiotics | 2 | 11.1 | [44] |
| TEM-2 | Monobactam, cephalosporin, penam and penicillin antibiotics | 2 | 11.1 | [45] |
| AAC(6’)-Ib9 | Aminoglycosides, i.e., neomycin and gentamicin B | 1 | 5.6 | [46] |
| aadA | Aminoglycosides, i.e., spectinomycin and streptomycin | 1 | 5.6 | [47] |
| aadA2 | Aminoglycosides, i.e., spectinomycin and streptomycin | 1 | 5.6 | [48] |
| CTX-M-15 | Cephalosporins, i.e., ceftazidime and ceftriaxone | 1 | 5.6 | [49] |
| CTX-M-3 | Cephalosporins, i.e., ceftazidime and ceftriaxone | 1 | 5.6 | [50] |
| gyrA | Fluoroquinolone, i.e., nalidixic acid | 1 | 5.6 | [51] |
| mel | Erythromycin, telithromycin, macrolide, lincosamide, streptomycin, tetracycline, oxazolidinone, chloramphenicol and pleuromutilin antibiotics | 1 | 5.6 | [52] |
| mphA | Macrolides | 1 | 5.6 | [53] |
| NDM-1 | Carbapenem, cephalosporin, cephalosporin and penam antibiotics | 1 | 5.6 | [54] |
| OXA-1 | Cephalosporins and penams | 1 | 5.6 | [55] |
| OXA-485 | Cephalosporins and penams | 1 | 5.6 | [56] |
| QnrB6 | Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, i.e., ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin | 1 | 5.6 | [57] |