Table 2.
ARF-associated organ dysfunction and treatments during ICU stay (univariate analysis)
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 201) | Alive (n = 107) | Dead (n = 94) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Septic shock, n (%) | 98 (48.8) | 41 (38.3) | 57 (60.6) | 0.003 |
| Liver dysfunction, n (%) | 55 (27.4) | 20 (18.7) | 35 (37.2) | 0.005 |
| Coma/CNS, n (%) | 52 (25.9) | 26 (24.3) | 26 (27.7) | 0.70 |
| First-line ventilation strategy at ICU admission, n (%) | ||||
| Standard oxygen | 101 (50.2) | 58 (54.2) | 43 (45.7) | 0.26 |
| HFNC | 72 (35.8) | 45 (42.1) | 27 (28.7) | 0.06 |
| NIV | 65 (32.3) | 31 (29) | 34 (36.2) | 0.29 |
| IMV | 76 (37.8) | 33 (30.8) | 43 (45.7) | 0.04 |
| Overall ventilation strategy during ICU stay, n (%) | ||||
| HFNC | 127 (63.2) | 75 (70.1) | 52 (55.3) | 0.04 |
| NIV | 80 (39.8) | 40 (37.4) | 40 (42.6) | 0.55 |
| IMV | 120 (59.7) | 54 (50.5) | 66 (70.2) | 0.007 |
| Days from ICU admission to IMV, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 0.50 (0–2) | 0.74 |
| ICU supportive treatments | ||||
| Volume expansion, ml, median (IQR) | 1500 (500–2725) | 1159 (250–2500) | 1590 (857–3000) | 0.10 |
| Vasopressor use, n (%) | 119 (59.2) | 51 (47.7) | 68 (72.3) | 0.001 |
| RRT, n (%) | 44 (21.9) | 18 (16.8) | 26 (27.7) | 0.09 |
| Chemotherapy, n (%) | 61 (30.3) | 31 (29.0) | 30 (31.9) | 0.77 |
| Steroids, n (%) | 49 (24.4) | 24 (22.4) | 25 (26.6) | 0.60 |
| Immunosuppressant drugs, n (%) | 59 (29.4) | 25 (23.4) | 34 (36.2) | 0.07 |
| Anti-infectious agents, n (%) | 179 (89) | 94 (46.8) | 85 (42.3) | 0.65 |
| Transfusion, n (%) | ||||
| Red blood cells | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (0–4) | 0·98 |
| Platelets | 3 (1–5.50) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–6) | 0·92 |
| Plasma | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0·69 |
| Complications in ICU, n (%) | ||||
| VAP | 22 (11.3) | 11 (10.6) | 11 (12.1) | 0.92 |
| Drug-related toxicity | 25 (13.0) | 12 (11.7) | 13 (14.6) | 0.70 |
| MDR infections | 33 (17.2) | 16 (15.5) | 17 (19.1) | 0.64 |
| Cardiac arrest at intubation | 3 (1·7) | 0 | 3 (3.5) | 0.23 |
CNS central nervous system; HFNC high-flow nasal cannula; NIV noninvasive ventilation; IMV invasive mechanical ventilation; RRT renal replacement therapy; VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia; MDR multidrug resistant