Table 3.
Comparison of the significant variables between cluster 1, 2 and 3
| Characteristic | Clusters | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (n = 76) | 2 (n = 54) | 3 (n = 71) | ||
| Transplant, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 67 (88.2) | 26 (48.1) | 48 (67.6) | |
| ASCT | 0 | 0 | 2 (2.8) | |
| HSCT | 9 (11.8) | 28 (51.9) | 21 (29.6) | |
| Cinical features, n (%) | ||||
| Chest pain | 15 (22.1) | 11 (22.0) | 2 (3.0) | 0.003 |
| Cough | 21 (30.4) | 35 (68.6) | 23 (34.8) | < 0.001 |
| Sputum | 8 (11.4) | 13 (26.0) | 5 (7.7) | 0.01 |
| Rash | 5 (7.1) | 10 (20.0) | 5 (7.4) | 0.04 |
| Neutropenia | 14 (18.4) | 11 (20.4) | 27 (38·0) | 0.01 |
| Berlin category (patients with ARDS), n (%) | 44 (57.9) | 47 (87.0) | 55 (77.5) | 0.006 |
| Mild | 17 (38.6) | 5 (10.9) | 10 (18.2) | |
| Moderate | 21 (47.7) | 25 (54.3) | 24 (43.6) | |
| Severe | 6 (13.6) | 16 (34.8) | 21 (38.2) | |
| Radiological findings, n (%) | ||||
| Diffuse interstitial chest X-ray pattern | 38 (50.0) | 35 (64.8) | 27 (38.0) | 0.01 |
| Septal thickening on CT scan | 0 | 14 (25.9) | 8 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
| Pleural effusion on CT scan | 13 (17.1) | 28 (51.9) | 20 (28.6) | < 0.001 |
| Nodules on CT scan | < 0.001 | |||
| None | 73 (96.1) | 31 (57.4) | 66 (93.0) | |
| Centrolobular | 2 (2.6) | 11 (20.4) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Diffuse | 1 (1.3) | 12 (22.2) | 4 (5.6) | |
| Alveolar consolidation on CT scan | < 0.001 | |||
| None | 61 (80.3) | 18 (33.3) | 54 (76.1) | |
| Focal | 8 (10.5) | 18 (33.3) | 9 (12.7) | |
| Diffuse | 7 (9.2) | 18 (33.3) | 8 (11.3) | |
| Ground glass opacities on CT scan | < 0.001 | |||
| None | 67 (88.2) | 19 (35.2) | 56 (78.9) | |
| Focal | 3 (3.9) | 13 (24.1) | 3 (4.2) | |
| Diffuse | 6 (7.9) | 22 (40·.7) | 12 (16.9) | |
| N. X-ray quadrants involved, median (IQR) | 2 (0.00–4.00) | 3 (1.25–4.00) | 1 (0.00–3.00) | 0.007 |
| ARF etiology, n (%) | ||||
| Extrapulmonary | 5 (6.6) | 1 (1.9) | 16 (22.5) | < 0.001 |
| Leukemia-specific pulmonary involvement | 20 (26.3) | 6 (11.1) | 9 (12.7) | 0.03 |
| Bacterial | 0.02 | |||
| Clinically documented | 8 (10.5) | 10 (18.5) | 7 (9.9) | |
| Micriobiologically documented | 8 (10.5) | 15 (27.8) | 10 (14.1) | |
| Non bacterial | 60 (78.9) | 29 (53.7) | 54 (76.1) | |
| Documented GNB infection | 3 (3.9) | 11 (20.4) | 19 (26.8) | 0.001 |
| Viral | 4 (5.3) | 13 (24.1) | 9 (12.7) | 0.007 |
| Known ARF etiology at ICU admission | 42 (60.0) | 20 (37.0) | 31 (46.3) | 0.04 |
| Organ dysfunction and treatments, n (%) | ||||
| IMV | 25 (32.9) | 39 (72.2) | 56 (78.9) | < 0.001 |
| HFNC | 42 (55.3) | 46 (85.2) | 39 (54.9) | < 0.001 |
| O2 flow > 10 L/min | 8 (18.6) | 10 (55.6) | 10 (35.7) | 0.02 |
| Vasopressor use | 18 (23.7) | 34 (63.0) | 67 (94.4) | < 0.001 |
| Septic shock | 13 (17.1) | 24 (44·4) | 61 (85.9) | < 0.001 |
| RRT | 6 (7.9) | 8 (14.8) | 30 (42.3) | < 0.001 |
| Chemotherapy | 32 (42.1) | 11 (20.4) | 18 (25.4) | 0.02 |
| Liver dysfunction | 14 (18.4) | 10 (18.5) | 31 (43.7) | 0.001 |
| Coma/CNS | 10 (13.2) | 10 (18.5) | 32 (45.1) | < 0.001 |
| Appropriate ATB at ICU admission | 0.01 | |||
| No | 4 (5.3) | 4 (7.4) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Early | 25 (32.9) | 30 (55.6) | 41 (57.7) | |
| Later | 30 (39.5) | 10 (18.5) | 16 (22.5) | |
| Never | 10 (13.2) | 6 (11.1) | 12 (16.9) | |
| Unknown | 7 (9.2) | 4 (7.4) | 1 (1.4) | |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 7 (9.5) | 11 (21.2) | 4 (5.8) | 0.03 |
| SOFA score and respiratory variables at ICU admission, median (IQR) | ||||
| Respiratory | 2 (0.25–2.00) | 3 (2.00–3.50) | 3 (2.00–3.75) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular | 0 (0.00–1.00) | 0 (0.00–1.00) | 4 (0.50–4.00) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatic | 0 (0.00–1.00) | 0 (0.00–1.00) | 1 (0.00–2.00) | < 0.001 |
| Hemostatic | 3 (2.00–4.00) | 3 (2.00–4.00) | 4 (3.00–4.00) | 0.02 |
| Neurological | 0 (0.00–0.00) | 0 (0.00–0.00) | 0 (0.00–2.00) | < 0.001 |
| Renal | 0 (0.00–1.00) | 0 (0.00–1.00) | 1 (0.00–2.00) | 0.001 |
| Total SOFA | 7 (4.00–8.00) | 8 (6.00–9.00) | 12 (10.00–14.00) | < 0.001 |
| Total SOFA without respiratory SOFA | 5 (3.00–6.00) | 5 (3.00–7.00) | 10 (7.25–11.00) | < 0.001 |
| RR, median (IQR) | 31·5 (25.00–36.25) | 35 (28.25–40.75) | 30.5 (27.00–40.00) | 0.08 |
| SpO2, median (IQR) | 94 (91.00–96.75) | 90 (87.00–93.00) | 91.5 (88.00–94.75) | < 0.001 |
| PaCO2, median (IQR) | 33 (30.00–38.00) | 40 (34.50–47.50) | 41.00 [31.75–51.25) | 0.003 |
| O2 flow, median (IQR) | 5·00 [3.00–10.00] | 12.00 (8.00–15.00) | 10 (6.00–15.00) | 0.007 |
| PaO2/FiO2, median (IQR) | 210 (130.00–284.00) | 114.5 (87.25–187.00) | 125 (89.25–194.00) | < 0.001 |
| White blood cells, × 109/L, median (IQR) | 9 (1.00–48.00) | 3 (1.00–10.00) | 1 (0.00–14.00) | 0.005 |
| Volume expansion, median (IQR) | 1018 (162.25–2000.00) | 1130.5 (347.50–2344.00) | 2000 (1137.50–3684.00) | 0.001 |
| Plasma, median (IQR) | 0 (0.00–0.00) | 0 (0.00–0.00) | 0 (0.00–0.00) | 0.03 |
| Platelets, median (IQR) | 2 (1.00–4.00) | 2 (0.00–5.00) | 4 (1.00–6.25) | 0.04 |
| Days from AML diagnosis to ICU admission, median (IQR) | 9.5 (0.00–48.00) | 69 (9.00–437.00) | 43 (7.00–157.00) | 0.002 |
| Days from ICU admission to IMV, median (IQR) | 1 (0.00–2.00) | 0 (0.00–2.00) | 0 (0.00–1.00) | 0.04 |
| Days from ARF to ICU admission, median (IQR) | 1 (0.00–2.00) | 2 (1.00–6.00) | 0 (0.00–2.00) | 0.001 |
| Time from ARF to ICU admission > 3 days, n (%) | 15 (20.8) | 18 (34.0) | 11 (15.7) | 0.05 |
HSCT hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; ASCT autologous stem cell transplantation; GNB Gram-negative bacteria; IMV invasive mechanical ventilation; HFNC high-flow nasal cannula; RRT renal replacement therapy; CNS central nervous system; ATB antibiotic therapy; RR respiratory rate