Table 2.
Oxidative stress biomarkers and their relevance to human diseases
| Oxidative stress biomarker | Disease | References |
|---|---|---|
| Malondialdehyde (MDA) | Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, obesity | Esterbauer et al. (1991) |
| 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) | Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, asthma, | Waeg et al. (1996) |
| F2-isoprostanes (F2-isoPs) | Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, amyloidosis, obesity, multiple sclerosis, heart failure, asthma, diabetes, respiratory distress symptom, pancreatitis, rheumatoid disease, obesity, cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease | Davies and Robert (2011) |
| Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | Atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis | Thome et al. (1996) |
| 8-oxo-Guanine | cancer, amyloidosis | |
| Oxo-Low density lipoproteins (Oxo-LDL) | Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, amyloidosis, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, | Steinberg et al. (1989) |
| Acrolein | Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, ischemia/reperfusion, | Chen et al. (2014) |
| Cysteine/Cystine | Atherosclerosis, AIDS, cystic fibrosis, kidney failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Mills et al. (2000) |
| GSH/GSSG (reduced/oxidized glutathione) | Cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, ischemia/reperfusion, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Hwang et al. (1992) |
| NO2-Tyr | Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, multiple sclerosis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, cystic fibrosis | Herce-Pagliai et al. (1998) |
| 3-Cl-Tyr | Cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, heart failure, obesity, cystic fibrosis, kidney diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases | Kettle et al. (2014) |