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. 2023 Sep 2;13:14433. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41359-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Class activation map on T1-weighted brain MRI images in schizophrenia classification. (A) The class activation map (CAM) derived from feature maps in the last convolution layer from schizophrenia patients localizes the discriminative regions for schizophrenia classification in the sagittal, axial and coronal views. The color bar ranges from 0.5 to 1. The higher the value, the more important role the region plays in schizophrenia classification. (B) The CAM is displayed in the sagittal, axial, and coronal views with a threshold of 0.85. The color bar ranges from 0.85 to 1. The thresholded CAM primarily lies in the subcortical regions and ventricular areas. (C) Subcortical regions and ventricular areas are visualized in 3D in the sagittal, axial, and coronal views. (D) The 3D volume rendering of the thresholded CAM demonstrates the location of the most discriminative regions in the sagittal, axial, and coronal views. The color bar ranges from 0.85 to 1. The thresholded CAM covers the subcortical regions and the ventricular areas.