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. 2023 Sep 2;13:14473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40921-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Local movement patterns are unrelated to infection with HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in 43 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in Tennessee, USA during winter 2022. In each plot, points show raw data, lines show estimated means from a linear mixed-effects model, and shaded areas show 95% confidence intervals of the mean. Models also included terms for age, sex, and a temporal autoregressive term for each individual; plots show marginal values averaged across age and sex. For plots that show predictions conditional on random effects, see Fig. S1. (A) Area of a 100% minimum convex polygon (MCP), a measurement of space use. (B) Mean hourly step lengths, a measurement of overall movement. (C) Net displacement, i.e., mean daily distance from the first GPS fix, a measurement of dispersal from the capture site.