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. 2023 Sep 2;13:14473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40921-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time spent in the potentially HPAI-contaminated area declines prior to initiation of migration. The contaminated area was defined as the total area of all 95% utilization distributions of HPAI-infected mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the first four days following sampling. The proportion of time was calculated as the proportion of daily fixes for each mallard within the contaminated area. Points show raw data and are jittered to increase visibility. The line and shaded area show marginal means from a generalized linear mixed-effects model. The model also included terms for HPAI infection status, age, and sex; only sex was related to time spent in the contaminated area (Table S5, Fig. S3).