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. 2023 Sep 2;22:237. doi: 10.1186/s12933-023-01965-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Treatment of diabetic endothelial dysfunction targeting oxidative stress. Hypoglycemic drugs, antioxidant drugs, dietary interventions and lifestyle reduce oxidative stress to improve endothelial function through different pathways. Abbreviations:ROS, reactive oxygen species; Nox, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; OGG1, 8-Oxoguanine glycosylase; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase‑4; SGLT2, Sodium-glucose Transporter2; ERK1, Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 1; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2; Keap, kelch-like ECH-associated protein; Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; LKB1, liver kinase B1; Pin1, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase 1; PPARδ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ; PGC-1α, PPARγ coactivator (PGC)-1α.