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. 2023 Aug 30;17:2639–2655. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S417051

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© 2023 Ma et al.

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Currently applied nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for local anesthetics. The four types of nanoparticle-based DDSs for local anesthetics are depicted, including polymeric nanoparticle-based, lipid nanoparticle-based, inorganic nanoparticle-based and hybrid nanoparticle-based DDSs. Created with BioRender.com.

Abbreviations: DDSs, drug delivery systems; HA, hyaluronic acid; NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers; PCL, poly-ε-caprolactone; PLA, poly-lactic acid; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles; S1SCBs, site-1 sodium channel blockers.