表 1. The functions of interacting cells in bone marrow microenvironment in MM.

MM骨髓微环境互作细胞及功能

Cell	Cytokines	Functions	Ref.
BMSC: bone marrow stromal cells; IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; CD40: CD40 antigen; CD40L: CD40 antigen ligand; IGF1: insulin like growth factor 1; TGFβ: transforming growth factor beta; PDGF: platelet derived growth factor subunit B; RANKL : receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand; MIP-1α: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha; DKK1: Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1.
BMSC	IL-6	Stimulating MM cell growth, survival and drug resistance (DR)	[19]
	Growth factor, TNF-α	MM cell growth, survival, DR, and migration	[20]
	VEGF	Upregulation of IL-6 secretion	[21]
	CD40 & CD40L	Increasing MM cell adhesion	[21]
	IL-8	Enabling MM cells to recruit new blood vessels in the bone marrow	[22]
BMEC	Angiopoietin 1	Up-regulation of angiogenically active factors after MM cell growth promotion by mutual adhesion	[23]
	IL-6 , IGF1	MM cell growth	[24]
	TGFβ, PDGF, IL-1	Pro-angiogenic molecules	[25]
Osteoclast	RANKL	Promotion of osteolytic lesions	[26]
	MIP-1α	Osteoclast formation inducer	[27]
Osteoblast	DKK1, IL-3	Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation	[28]