Table 6.

Results of studies analysing the impact of arts engagement on well-being and quality of life.

Author	Sample	Intervention sample	Comparator sample	Male/female ratio	Age	Endpoints	Outcome	Outcome measurement	Results
Aydin and Kutlu (2021)	60	30	30	13/47	72.6 ± 1.0	Baseline; After 6 weeks	Loneliness, Hopelessness	UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)	UCLA-LS: statistically significant difference between IG and CG group after art therapy (IG: 41.03 ± 10.33, CG: 50.87 ± 10.94, p < 0.001) BHS: statistically significant difference between IG and CG group after art therapy (IG: 5.10 ± 2.32; CG: 10.03 ± 2.50, p < 0.001). Improvement in both group in pre-post comparison
Beauchet et al. (2020)	130	NA	NA	11/119	71.6 ± 4.9	Baseline (M0), after one months (M1), after second month (M2), and the third month (M3)	QoL and well-being	EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D) - Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS)	WEMWBS M0: 57.2 ± 7.4; M1: 57.3 ± 7.5; M2: 55.8 ± 9.1; M3: 57.5 ± 7.9 (M0 vs. M2: p = 0.040; M2 vs. M3: p = 0.004) EQ-5D: M0: 6.8 ± 2.0; M1: 6.4 ± 1.5; M2: 5.0 ± 1.1; M3: 4.8 ± 0.9 (M0 vs. M1: p = 0.004; M0 vs. M2: p ≤ 0.001; M0 vs. M3: p ≤ 0.001; M1 vs. M2: p ≤ 0.001; M1 vs. M3: p ≤ 0.001; M2 vs. M3: p ≤ 0.001)
Ho et al. (2019)	1067	1067	NA	479/588*missing values	50–59: 421 (39.5%); 60–69: 372 (34.9%); ≥70:: 274 (25.7%)	Cross-sectional	Quality of life; Physical and mental well-being; Spiritual well-being; Social well-being	WHO Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQoL-8); Short Form 20 (SF-20); Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual (FACIT-SP-12); Support Evaluation List Short Form (ISEL-S)	Passive engagement in arts and culture-related events experienced higher quality of life (t(728) = 3.35, p = 0.0008, d = 0.25), perceived health (t(728) = 2.21, p = 0.0277, d = 0.16) and sense of belonging (t(728) = 2.17, p = 0.03, d = 0.16), as compared with those who did not. Active engagement in participatory arts experienced greater quality of life (t(442) = 3.68, p = 0.0003, d = 0.36), self-rated health (t(442) = 2.59, p = 0.0099, d = 0.25), spiritual well-being (t(442) = 3.75, p = 0.0002, d = 0.37), meaning in life (t(442) = 5.03, p < 0.0001, d = 0.50) and sense of peace (t(442) = 3.72, p = 0.0002, d = 0.36), as compared with those who did not actively engaged in the arts.
Johnson et al. (2021)	69	Ceramics intervention: 17; Creative writing intervention: 12	31	Ceramics: 17/17; Creative writing intervention: 4/8; Control group: 4/27	Ceramics: 69.3 ± 7.9; Creative writing intervention: 66.1 ± 9.7; Control group: 73 ± 7.8	Baseline; After 8 weeks	Interest in life; Loneliness; Personal Growth; Mastery; General Belongingness; Neighbourhood Cohesion	Interest in life (National Institutes of Health Toolbox Apathy Scale), Personal growth and Perceived mastery (Psychosocial and Lifestyle Questionnaire), Loneliness (NIH Toolbox Loneliness Scale), General belongingness (General Belongingness Scale), Perceived neighbourhood cohesion (Self-perception of neighbourhood social cohesion)	Ceramics: statistically significant improvements in perceived mastery (adjusted difference 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2–0.7, p = 0.003) and interest in life (adjusted difference: 0.3 95% CI: 0.1–0.6, p = 0.007). No statistically significant improvement in general belongingness (adjusted difference: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1 to −0.0, p = 0.11); loneliness (adjusted difference: 0.0, 95% CI: −0.2–0.2, p = 0.99); personal growth (0.0, 95% CI: −0.2–0.2, p = 0.72); neighbourhood cohesion (0.0, 95% CI: −0.5–0.4, p = 0.8). Writing: no statistically significant improvements on the well-being outcomes
Noice et al. (2004)	124	Theatre: 44; Visual: 36	31	27/97	73.7 ± 5.99	At baseline; After 4 weeks	Well-being	Self-esteem scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale	Self-esteem: Theatre: 3.64 ± 0.37; Visual: 3.37 ± 0.40, Control: 3.49 ± 0.36, p > 0.05 Psychological Well-being: Theatre: 5.50 ± 0.52; Visual: 4.90 ± 0.57; Control: 4.97 ± 0.59, p = 0.001
Thomson and Chatterjee (2016)	40	40	NA	11/29	65-85 years	Baseline; After the session	Physiological well-being	Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Subjective wellness ad happiness (Visual Analogue Scale)	Positive PANAS: Pre: 27.96 ± 9.84; Post: 31.51 ± 10.95, p < 0.001; Negative PANAS: Pre: 15.93 ± 5.89, Post: 13.37 ± 4.01, p < 0.001; Wellness VAS: Pre: 60.88 ± 23.49, Post: 66.27 ± 22.07, p < 0.005; Happiness VAS: Pre: 60.32 ± 24.69, Post: 68.85 ± 21.86, p < 0.001
Tymoszuk et al. (2020)	2767	2767	NA	1274/1493	62.3 ± 7.1	At enrolment (2004/2005); After 10 years (2014/2015)	Experienced well-being; Evaluative well-being; Eudaimonic well-being	Pleasure domain of the Control, Autonomy, Self-realisation, Pleasure scale (CASP-19); Dieners’s life satisfaction scale; Self-realisation domain of the CASP-19 and Control/Autonomy domain of a shortened version of the CASP-19	In the fully adjusted models, short-term engagement was not longitudinally associated with well-being, but repeated engagement with the theatre/concerts/opera and museums/galleries/exhibitions was associated with enhanced eudaimonic well-being, and sustained engagement with these activities was associated with greater experienced, evaluative, and eudaimonic well-being.