Table 3.
Univariate analyses for malnutrition
| Infant and maternal variables | Malnutrition (underweight) |
Malnutrition (stunting) |
Malnutrition (wasting) |
Malnutrition (under/stunt/wast) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 2.52 (1.42 to 4.48)** | 2.98 (1.83 to 4.83)*** | 1.54 (0.76 to 3.14) | 2.53 (1.62 to 3.97)*** |
| Female | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Mother’s age | ||||
| <19 | 0.83 (0.32 to 2.15) | 0.71 (0.32 to 1.60) | 1.84 (0.67 to 5.10) | 1.00 (0.49 to 2.03) |
| 19–25 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| >25 | 0.99 (0.55 to 1.80) | 0.89 (0.54 to 1.47) | 1.10 (0.50 to 2.40) | 0.99 (0.62 to 1.58) |
| Multiple pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 1.98 (1.11 to 3.53)* | 1.45 (0.88 to 2.39) | 1.48 (0.71 to 3.08) | 1.72 (1.08 to 2.75)* |
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Caesarean | 1.02 (0.45 to 2.32) | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.51) | 1.76 (0.72 to 4.31) | 0.95 (0.50 to 1.81) |
| Apgar1 score | ||||
| ≤5 | 0.29 (0.09 to 0.93)* | 0.45 (0.15 to 1.34) | 0.59 (0.12 to 2.79) | 0.35 (0.12 to 1.05) |
| 6–7 | 0.76 (0.19 to 2.98) | 1.24 (0.34 to 4.50) | 0.92 (0.15 to 5.78) | 1.06 (0.29 to 3.86) |
| >7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Apgar2 score | ||||
| ≤5 | 0.20 (0.03 to 1.46) | 0.56 (0.09 to 3.44) | 0.33 (0.03 to 3.26) | 0.35 (0.06 to 2.14) |
| 6–7 | 0.44 (0.05 to 4.37) | 0.94 (0.11 to 7.73) | 0.55 (0.04 to 8.27) | 0.57 (0.07 to 4.64) |
| >7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Gestational age | ||||
| ≥37 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 33 to <37 | 0.90 (0.49,1.66) | 0.98 (0.59,1.64) | 0.61 (0.28,1.30) | 1.00 (0.16,1.61) |
| 28 to <33 | 0.61 (0.19,1.94) | 0.77 (0.32,1.88) | 0.43 (0.09,1.99) | 0.77 (0.34,1.77) |
| 22 to <28 | 2.97 (0.46,18.94) | PF | 4.43 (0.68,28.89) | 0.93 (0.62,5.27) |
| Birth weight | ||||
| 2500–2999 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1500–2499 | 1.38 (0.74 to 2.55) | 1.86 (1.10 to 3.18)* | 1.31 (0.60 to 2.86) | 1.73 (1.07 to 2.81)* |
| 1000–1499 | 0.65 (0.08 to 5.49) | 3.44 (0.97 to 12.21) | PF | 2.35 (0.67 to 8.21) |
| 500–999 | 1.47 (0.15 to 13.96) | 1.03 (0.11 to 9.65) | 2.65 (0.27 to 26.04) | 1.88 (0.30 to 11.74) |
| HINE | ||||
| Normal | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Delayed | 3.75 (0.82 to 17.22) | 1.06 (0.22 to 5.58) | 7.28 (1.56 to 34.03)* | 1.46 (0.32 to 6.61) |
| MDAT (pass/fail) | ||||
| Normal | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Delayed | 4.08 (1.63 to 10.19)** | 3.50 (1.46 to 8.40)** | 2.38 (0.75 to 7.59) | 3.21 (1.35 to 7.65)** |
| MDAT (z-scores) | ||||
| Normal | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Delayed | 6.48 (1.69 to 24.92)** | 4.18 (1.15 to 15.16)* | 4.77 (1.14 to 20.04)* | 8.07 (1.69 to 38.61)** |
| TQQ | ||||
| Normal | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Delay | 2.03 (1.09 to 3.78)* | 0.97 (0.55 to 1.71) | 2.24 (1.05 to 4.80)* | 1.40 (0.84 to 2.34) |
***P value <0.001.
**P value <0.01.
*P value <0.05.
PF: no variability due to low numbers causes the model to perfectly predict failure or success.
HINE, Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination; MDAT, Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool; TQQ, Ten Questions Questionnaire.