Table 3.

Comparison of China’s public health engagement in Africa before and after 2014

Items	Before 2014	After 2014
Concept	Health diplomacy	Health diplomacy with global health governance
Strategies	Bilateral assistance from China and Africa	Multilateral engagement and cooperation
Programme content	Focus on assistance for single diseases, such as AIDS, malaria	Diverse and comprehensive, such as health system
Partners	China-led, Africa-assisted	Bilateral leadership by China and Africa, with the participation of several international partners
China implementers	Clinical doctors and researchers	Public health experts or academics from the CDC
Disciplinary perspectives	Single disciplines, such as clinical medicine	Multidisciplinary, eg, public health, preventive medicine, but without humanities and social sciences
Concern for social culture of Africa	Ignoring	Concerned about, but insufficient knowledge base and interaction with the community
Interacting with African parties	Cultural barriers to work and language barriers	Cultural barriers to work and language barriers
Forms of knowledge production	Reports and articles in Chinese	Reports and articles in Chinese or English

CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.