Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of male elderly patients with diabetes according to sarcopenia status in this study
| Variables | Total (n=368) | No sarcopenia (n=29) | Possible sarcopenia (n=268) | Sarcopenia (n=71) | P value |
| Age (years) | 66.0 (62.0–72.0) | 64.0 (62.0–68.0) | 65.0 (62.0–70.0) | 71.0 (65.0–77.0) | <0.001 |
| >Median (vs ≤median) | 10 (34.5) | 113 (42.2) | 47 (66.2) | 0.001 | |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 34.5 (28.5–40.5) | 41.5 (36.5–45.0) | 35.0 (29.8–41.0) | 29.0 (21.0–33.5) | <0.001 |
| Gait speed (m/s)* | 0.66 (0.52–0.79) | 1.10 (1.04–1.18) | 0.64 (0.52–0.78) | 0.62 (0.49–0.71) | <0.001 |
| 5-time chair stand test (s)* | 10.5 (8.8–13.2) | 9.5 (6.9–19.5) | 10.3 (8.6–13.0) | 11.9 (9.6–14.0) | <0.001 |
| ASM/Ht2 (kg/m2) | 7.61 (7.10–8.16) | 7.71 (7.47–8.41) | 7.84 (7.40–8.24) | 6.71 (6.44–6.87) | <0.001 |
| Residence (%) | |||||
| Rural (vs urban) | 218 (59.2) | 16 (55.2) | 146 (54.5) | 56 (78.9) | 0.001 |
| Education (%) | |||||
| Less than lower secondary | 338 (91.8) | 25 (86.3) | 244 (91.0) | 69 (97.2) | 0.119 |
| Upper secondary or vocational training | 15 (4.1) | 1 (3.4) | 12 (4.5) | 2 (2.8) | |
| Tertiary | 15 (4.1) | 3 (10.3) | 12 (4.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Ever/current smoke (%)* | 270 (73.8) | 20 (69.0) | 194 (72.7) | 56 (80.0) | 0.384 |
| Ever/current drinking (%)* | 236 (64.7) | 18 (62.1) | 165 (62.0) | 53 (75.7) | 0.099 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 (21.1–26.2) | 24.2 (22.3–27.8) | 24.6 (22.5–26.8) | 19.1 (17.8–19.9) | <0.001 |
| Overweight (%) | 131 (35.6) | 12 (41.4) | 119 (44.4) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg)* | |||||
| Systolic | 135.5 (124.5–147.0) | 130.0 (124.0–136.0) | 138.0 (125.0–149.5) | 132.5 (121.0–145.0) | 0.011 |
| Diastolic | 75.5 (68.5–82.5) | 74.0 (68.5–81.0) | 76.5 (70.0–83.5) | 73.5 (63.5–79.0) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes management (%) | |||||
| Unawareness (vs awareness) | 229 (62.2) | 15 (51.7) | 161 (60.1) | 53 (74.6) | 0.038 |
| Untreatment (vs treatment) | 274 (74.5) | 18 (62.1) | 197 (73.5) | 59 (83.1) | 0.072 |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL)† | 138.7 (126.4–175.2) | 139.9 (126.4–197.5) | 139.1 (126.4–175.2) | 137.3 (126.4–175.0) | 0.763 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 (5.1–6.9) | 6.2 (5.3–7.7) | 5.6 (5.2–7.1) | 5.3 (5.0–5.9) | 0.007 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 186.5 (160.8–213.2) | 174.4 (156.6–190.3) | 190.8 (165.5–216.1) | 171.7 (149.2–202.6) | 0.006 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 111.1 (78.8–172.1) | 121.2 (82.3–187.6) | 115.1 (82.3–185.0) | 88.5 (67.3–130.1) | 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL)* | 109.1±35.4 | 108.3±30.6 | 111.9±36.2 | 98.9±32.5 | 0.002 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 45.6 (37.1–57.2) | 40.6 (33.2–48.3) | 44.7 (34.6–55.1) | 53.0 (44.1–66.9) | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.33 (0.72–3.13) | 1.80 (0.77–4.00) | 1.38 (0.73–3.01) | 1.10 (0.68–3.68) | 0.470 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.88 (4.08–5.85) | 4.27 (3.73–5.20) | 4.99 (4.19–6.00) | 4.70 (3.91–5.40) | 0.024 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.9 (74.0–96.3) | 94.2 (73.9–99.2) | 88.1 (74.3–95.9) | 88.9 (72.8–95.7) | 0.349 |
| TG/HDL-C | 2.35 (1.41–4.71) | 3.73 (1.91–6.51) | 2.55 (1.59–4.97) | 1.49 (1.10–2.48) | <0.001 |
| Quartile 1 (≤1.41) | 4 (13.8) | 56 (20.9) | 32 (45.1) | <0.001 | |
| Quartile 2 (1.42–2.35) | 6 (20.7) | 67 (25.0) | 19 (26.8) | ||
| Quartile 3 (2.36–4.71) | 8 (27.6) | 69 (25.7) | 15 (21.1) | ||
| Quartile 4 (>4.71) | 11 (37.9) | 76 (28.4) | 5 (7.0) |
Data are shown as means±SD, median (IQR) or numbers (percentages).
The significant P values were highlighted by bold font.
*Missing data: 15 for gait speed, 11 for 5-time chair stand test, 2 for history of smoking, 3 for history of drinking, 5 for blood pressure and 1 for LDL-C.
†Among the measurements of plasma glucose, 17 male participants were non-fasting.
ASM/Ht2, the height-adjusted muscle mass; BMI, the body mass index; eGFR, the estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TG/HDL-C, triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.