FIGURE 5.

IL-1β sustains RNA expression of IFNα2 in intestinal epithelial cells. Relative expression of IL1B in the intestine in relation to relative (A) IFNA2 and (B) IFNB1 expression in the intestine in concurrent patient samples (n = 45). Linear regression is shown as the continuous yellow line. The dashed black lines represent the limits of detection. A pairwise correlation was performed, and p values were Bonferroni corrected for multiple testing. (C) Supernatant protein levels of IFN-α2 (n = 8) and (D) IFN-β (n = 8) of in vitro expanded human macrophages. Macrophages were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 S-protein (Spike) (1 µg/ml), LPS (100 ng/ml), and/or α-IL-1β (10 µg/ml) for 24 h. Data are represented as eight biological replicates. (E) Relative expression of IFNA2 (n = 8), (F) supernatant protein levels of IFN-α2 (n = 7), and (G) relative expression of IFNB1 (n = 8) of human intestinal organoids. Suspension organoids were prepared and placed in a differentiation medium for 6 d. Organoids were then stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 S-protein (Spike) (1 µg/ml), LPS (100 ng/ml), and/or α-IL-1β (10 µg/ml) for 24 h (E and G) or 10 h (F). Data are represented as seven or eight biological replicates. Horizontal lines represent the mean ± SEM; each symbol indicates one sample from one patient.