Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics by the message allocation
| Total (n = 1,524) |
Private gain-framed message (n = 394) |
Private loss-framed message (n = 379) |
Public gain-framed message (n = 372) |
No message (n = 379) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study area | ||||||
| Gejo in Tokamachi | 54.8 | 54.3 | 55.9 | 53.8 | 55.1 | 0.937a |
| Yoshijima in Kawanishi | 45.2 | 45.7 | 44.1 | 46.2 | 44.9 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 46.3 | 47.0 | 43.0 | 45.4 | 49.6 | 0.321a |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 75.7 ± 7.9 | 75.7 ± 8.1 | 75.8 ± 7.9 | 76.1 ± 7.9 | 75.3 ± 7.7 | 0.630b | |
| 65–69 | 26.4 | 26.2 | 25.3 | 26.1 | 28.0 | 0.724c |
| 70–79 | 41.5 | 42.0 | 42.0 | 40.1 | 42.2 | |
| 80–89 | 26.4 | 25.2 | 27.4 | 28.5 | 24.5 | |
| ≥ 90 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 71.8 | 77.8 | 71.4 | 67.6 | 70.1 | 0.013a |
| Education | ||||||
| ≥ High school graduation | 54.6 | 56.7 | 52.4 | 55.4 | 53.8 | 0.659a |
| Subjective financial stability | ||||||
| Affluent | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 0.631c |
| Somewhat affluent | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 6.9 | |
| Normal | 65.3 | 63.8 | 66.3 | 65.7 | 65.4 | |
| Somewhat poor | 19.0 | 19.0 | 17.5 | 19.2 | 20.2 | |
| Poor | 6.0 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 4.4 | 5.3 | |
| Working status | ||||||
| Currently working | 33.2 | 38.2 | 31.3 | 29.4 | 33.6 | 0.064a |
| Neighborly tie | ||||||
| I often talk with neighbors about my problems | 23.2 | 24.2 | 22.0 | 23.8 | 23.0 | 0.871c |
| I only make small talk with my neighbors | 49.5 | 46.8 | 51.2 | 47.6 | 52.4 | |
| I only greet my neighbors | 23.6 | 24.9 | 23.3 | 24.3 | 21.7 | |
| I am not friendly with my neighbors | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 2.9 | |
| Self-rated health | ||||||
| Good | 3.3 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 0.362c |
| Somewhat good | 63.7 | 62.6 | 66.4 | 61.5 | 64.4 | |
| Somewhat poor | 23.7 | 26.2 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 22.6 | |
| Poor | 9.2 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 12.6 | 8.1 | |
| Social participation | ||||||
| Engaging in any social participation activity | 53.6 | 58.1 | 52.0 | 51.3 | 52.8 | 0.212a |
Values represent the proportion or mean ± standard deviation
achi-square test
bt-test
cKruskal–Wallis test