Table 5.

Association of framed messages with attitude and intention toward social participation among older adults who had not engaged in social participation activities

	More favorable impression of social participation activity	Higher interest in social participation activity	Higher readiness for beginning social participation activity
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Model 1 (crude)
Private gain-framed message	1.29 (0.83–2.02)	1.57 (1.05–2.35)	0.97 (0.58–1.62)
Private loss-framed message	1.58 (1.03–2.43)	1.86 (1.26–2.76)	1.33 (0.82–2.14)
Public gain-framed message	1.31 (0.85–2.04)	1.27 (0.85–1.88)	0.83 (0.50–1.37)
No message	Ref	Ref	Ref
Model 2 (covariates-adjusted)
Private gain-framed message	1.29 (0.80–2.06)	1.69 (1.10–2.58)	1.34 (0.73–2.46)
Private loss-framed message	1.55 (1.01–2.44)	1.96 (1.30–2.95)	1.84 (1.03–3.28)
Public gain-framed message	1.39 (0.87–2.21)	1.49 (0.96–2.26)	1.18 (0.64–2.19)
No message	Ref	Ref	Ref

Sex, age, marital status, education, financial stability, working status, neighborly ties, self-rated health, and study area were adjusted in Model 2

CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio