Table 1.
General characteristics of participants (n = 2,768) stratified by serum globulin (1–4, g/L) in the NHANES 2011–2014.
| Characters | Total (n = 2,768) | Quartiles 1 (<25; n = 537) | Quartiles 2 (25–28; n = 707) | Quartiles 3 (28–31; n = 689) | Quartiles 4 (>31; n = 835) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.0021 | |||||
| Male | 46.05 | 44.64 | 50.9 | 45.34 | 41.03 | |
| Female | 53.95 | 55.36 | 49.1 | 54.66 | 58.97 | |
| Age (years) | 0.2186 | |||||
| 60–69 | 56.05 | 55.67 | 58.04 | 53.08 | 56.72 | |
| 70–79 | 29.43 | 27.66 | 29.23 | 32.13 | 29.02 | |
| ≥80 | 14.52 | 16.67 | 12.73 | 14.79 | 14.26 | |
| Race | <0.0001 | |||||
| Mexican American/other Hispanic | 6.94 | 3.49 | 5 | 9.28 | 11.85 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 80.22 | 91.81 | 87.99 | 74.87 | 58.94 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7.96 | 1.8 | 4.29 | 8.3 | 21.32 | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 3.27 | 1.48 | 2.32 | 4.2 | 6.02 | |
| Other Race | 1.61 | 1.41 | 0.39 | 3.36 | 1.86 | |
| Education | <0.0001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 15.72 | 10.53 | 11.58 | 21.65 | 22.33 | |
| High school | 22.3 | 20.9 | 21.26 | 19.92 | 28.4 | |
| Above high school | 61.97 | 68.56 | 67.17 | 58.44 | 49.19 | |
| Not recorded | 0.02 | 0.08 | ||||
| Marital status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Married/living with a partner | 64.83 | 68.63 | 69.98 | 60.17 | 57 | |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 30.74 | 26.87 | 25.79 | 36.69 | 36.91 | |
| Never married | 4.4 | 4.44 | 4.23 | 3.14 | 6.04 | |
| Not recorded | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
| Poverty-income ratio | <0.0001 | |||||
| <1 | 8.37 | 5.39 | 5.33 | 12.03 | 12.94 | |
| >1 | 85.41 | 88.67 | 88.56 | 83.56 | 78.31 | |
| Not recorded | 6.22 | 5.94 | 6.11 | 4.41 | 8.75 | |
| Alcohol (12 alcoholic drinks per year) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 72.82 | 78.43 | 75.23 | 69.67 | 65.28 | |
| Smoked (at least 100 cigarettes) | 0.3553 | |||||
| Yes | 50.1 | 49.83 | 48.56 | 54.24 | 48.26 | |
| Vigorous work activity | 0.0159 | |||||
| Yes | 12.9 | 12.18 | 16 | 12.28 | 9.64 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <0.0001 | |||||
| <25 | 26 | 29.71 | 25.34 | 24.8 | 23.59 | |
| 25–30 | 36.17 | 39.75 | 38.58 | 33.45 | 30.79 | |
| >30 | 36.36 | 29.97 | 34.13 | 40.22 | 43.85 |
| Characters | Total (n = 2,768) | Quartiles 1 (<25; n = 537) | Quartiles 2 (25–28; n = 707) | Quartiles 3 (28–31; n = 689) | Quartiles 4 (>31; n = 835) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History of coronary heart disease | 0.191 | |||||
| Yes | 9.66 | 9.44 | 10.33 | 10.16 | 8.33 | |
| History of stroke | <0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 6.52 | 7.09 | 3.61 | 6.73 | 10.13 | |
| History of diabetes | <0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 18.96 | 18.86 | 14.3 | 17.88 | 27.62 | |
| History of hypertension | <0.0001 | |||||
| Yes | 58.35 | 52.9 | 55.94 | 60.15 | 67.2 | |
| History of high cholesterol | 0.0498 | |||||
| Yes | 57.49 | 59.94 | 54.86 | 58.65 | 57.16 | |
| Depressive (>10) | 6.98 | 6.36 | 4.86 | 7.1 | 10.98 | 0.0001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.13 ± 11.43 | 21.54 ± 7.66 | 22.13 ± 11.14 | 21.30 ± 9.34 | 23.82 ± 16.68 | 0.0006 |
| AST (U/L) | 25.02 ± 9.72 | 24.17 ± 6.48 | 24.33 ± 6.69 | 24.71 ± 8.35 | 27.58 ± 16.14 | <0.0001 |
| ALP (U/L) | 67.50 ± 22.16 | 62.51 ± 18.12 | 64.26 ± 17.60 | 69.55 ± 21.26 | 76.79 ± 29.88 | <0.0001 |
| GGT (U/L). | 25.58 ± 30.52 | 23.18 ± 20.94 | 21.61 ± 16.42 | 26.51 ± 28.71 | 33.91 ± 51.32 | <0.0001 |
| Total protein (g/L) | 69.38 ± 4.56 | 65.12 ± 3.04 | 68.56 ± 2.67 | 70.69 ± 2.96 | 74.71 ± 4.01 | <0.0001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 42.10 ± 2.91 | 42.81 ± 2.57 | 42.51 ± 2.57 | 41.80 ± 2.96 | 40.89 ± 3.32 | <0.0001 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 11.76 ± 4.72 | 12.00 ± 4.43 | 11.91 ± 4.89 | 11.42 ± 3.96 | 11.60 ± 5.50 | 0.0884 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 87.84 ± 51.49 | 86.54 ± 48.23 | 86.85 ± 31.92 | 85.08 ± 28.02 | 94.17 ± 87.58 | 0.0119 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.81 ± 2.44 | 5.74 ± 2.10 | 5.78 ± 2.30 | 5.82 ± 2.29 | 5.91 ± 3.11 | 0.6745 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 333.59 ± 85.02 | 315.21 ± 78.48 | 331.66 ± 81.53 | 337.81 ± 82.57 | 355.72 ± 95.07 | |
| CERAD (<5) | 21.13 | 19.7 | 19.46 | 25.06 | 21.24 | 0.0444 |
| AF (<14) | 21.19 | 15.56 | 18.38 | 23.67 | 30.13 | <0.0001 |
| DSST (<34) | 14.54 | 8.03 | 11.01 | 17.93 | 24.75 | <0.0001 |
Mean ± SD for: ALT (U/L), AST (U/L), ALP (U/L), GGT (U/L), total bilirubin (μmol/L), total protein (g/L), albumin (g/L), BUN (mmol/L), creatinine (μmol/L), and uric acid (μmol/L). p value was calculated by one-way ANOVA.
% for: sex, age, race, education, marital status, poverty-income ratio, alcohol consumption, smoking status, vigorous work activity, BMI (kg/m2), depression, history of coronary heart disease, history of stroke, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, CERAD, and AF, DSST. p value was calculated by a weighted chi-square test.