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. 2023 Jun 9;4(8):1048–1057. doi: 10.34067/KID.0000000000000158

Table 2.

Concentrations of metabolites in healthy controls and participants with CKD

Variable Control (n=147) CKD Stage 1 (n=340) CKD Stage 2 (n=230) CKD Stage 3 (n=219) Jonckheere–Terpstra Statistic P Value (1) P Value (2) P Value (3) P Value (4)
Acetate 4.667 (3.165–7.301) 5.243 (3.444–8.798) 5.675 (3.788–9.500) 5.609 (3.236–8.990) 1.950 0.051 0.103 0.026 0.484
Acetone 2.194 (1.553–4.023) 1.812 (1.124–3.125) 1.815 (1.153–3.158) 2.748 (1.686–4.886) 2.915 0.004 0.725 0.629 0.039
Alanine 26.338 (17.095–36.036) 39.402 (30.095–59.174) 37.561 (26.179–53.068) 34.753 (22.971–57.849) 3.507 <0.001 <0.001 0.313 0.639
Betaine 11.031 (7.303–16.060) 15.698 (9.905–28.800) 19.789 (11.599–37.861) 29.999 (16.074–59.074) 10.722 <0.001 <0.001 0.071 <0.001
Choline 2.353 (1.653–3.743) 4.453 (2.840–7.129) 6.057 (3.375–11.359) 10.317 (4.980–25.218) 15.246 <0.001 <0.001 0.008 <0.001
Citrate 345.159 (178.178–595.663) 317.298 (177.718–528.377) 250.976 (132.666–406.263) 168.583 (89.775–273.460) −9.088 <0.001 0.091 0.003 <0.001
Creatine 11.878 (6.221–31.115) 16.479 (10.040–75.642) 12.778 (8.120–30.244) 13.745 (9.568–27.024) −0.262 0.794 0.002 0.026 0.650
Dimethylamine 38.732 (31.733–51.443) 46.887 (38.938–59.140) 50.290 (39.519–67.108) 56.361 (45.398–74.596) 8.843 <0.001 0.001 0.213 0.033
Dimethylglycine 4.608 (2.907–6.784) 6.303 (4.157–9.596) 6.091 (3.812–9.226) 6.716 (3.797–10.010) 3.685 <0.001 0.507 0.402 0.214
Formate 17.859 (9.496–28.338) 23.311 (15.471–34.072) 17.638 (9.753–29.340) 11.704 (6.328–21.213) −6.234 <0.001 0.001 0.273 0.257
Fumarate 0.270 (0.167–0.477) 0.338 (0.000–0.670) 0.435 (0.110–0.977) 0.768 (0.170–1.633) 7.123 <0.001 0.022 0.007 0.005
Glucose 51.648 (39.709–72.577) 52.651 (40.486–74.541) 61.008 (39.631–130.392) 70.372 (39.425–197.467) 3.966 <0.001 0.008 0.965 0.505
Glycerol 690.886 (465.887–1009.953) 50.393 (31.780–90.542) 56.488 (31.014–95.777) 70.067 (40.801–121.037) −9.300 <0.001 <0.001 0.879 0.033
Glycine 77.047 (49.174–115.894) 114.684 (76.066–167.389) 86.248 (54.209–137.342) 72.595 (41.638–137.428) −3.318 0.001 <0.001 0.957 0.256
Hydroxyisobutyrate 7.211 (5.590–9.441) 7.537 (5.874–9.427) 6.979 (5.177–8.665) 6.387 (4.801–8.038) −5.037 <0.001 0.942 0.018 0.011
Indoxylsulfate 18.807 (11.286–27.956) 17.304 (8.041–30.286) 17.331 (9.134–29.430) 22.023 (13.323–36.911) 2.033 0.042 0.870 0.632 0.971
Isoleucine 1.421 (1.109–1.726) 2.088 (1.615–2.773) 1.837 (1.327–2.666) 1.838 (1.288–2.915) 3.538 <0.001 0.873 0.999 0.089
Lactate 9.949 (6.886–13.560) 15.017 (9.836–23.819) 13.885 (8.696–23.399) 17.684 (10.234–29.786) 6.523 <0.001 <0.001 0.227 0.995
Leucine 3.136 (2.470–4.050) 4.986 (3.816–6.309) 4.668 (3.249–6.827) 4.777 (3.072–7.156) 5.801 <0.001 <0.001 0.690 0.019
Methylhistidine 20.664 (17.383–26.109) 5.822 (4.670–7.412) 5.260 (3.914–7.539) 4.892 (3.363–7.467) 2.600 <0.001 <0.001 0.824 0.095
Methylnicotinamide 6.228 (3.872–10.715) 4.418 (2.691–7.469) 4.333 (2.566–6.660) 3.941 (2.256–6.011) −5.273 <0.001 <0.001 0.938 0.510
Phenylalanine 30.785 (13.261–62.279) 34.693 (17.582–65.706) 37.297 (19.185–71.489) 51.026 (26.508–91.948) 5.423 <0.001 0.588 0.125 0.007
Pyruvate 2.034 (1.247–2.861) 3.748 (2.550–5.222) 3.316 (2.051–5.159) 3.384 (2.295–5.405) 5.476 <0.001 <0.001 0.462 0.262
Taurine 162.589 (113.690–238.590) 172.042 (114.344–252.347) 174.114 (105.643–253.353) 160.440 (94.312–231.019) −1.118 0.264 0.218 0.315 0.629
Threonine 13.075 (9.404–19.088) 19.742 (14.967–27.493) 16.691 (11.752–24.083) 14.986 (8.702–27.808) −0.016 0.987 <0.001 0.696 0.371
TMAO 52.447 (26.521–115.009) 85.924 (42.980–195.251) 107.220 (54.524–249.696) 128.553 (68.933–291.752) 7.852 <0.001 0.004 0.084 0.191
Tryptophan 7.116 (5.106–9.113) 8.242 (5.975–11.075) 7.409 (5.395–10.204) 6.860 (4.396–9.357) −1.869 0.062 <0.001 0.212 0.351
Valine 3.957 (3.223–4.912) 5.822 (4.670–7.412) 5.260 (3.914–7.539) 4.892 (3.363–7.467) 2.600 0.009 <0.001 0.824 0.095

P-value (1): Jonckheere–Terpstra test; P-value (2): control versus CKD stage 1; P-value (3): CKD stage 1 versus stage 2; P-value (4): CKD stage 2 versus stage 3. All the concentration of each metabolite was adjusted by urine creatinine. TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide.