Table 4.

Use of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) to predict three-month adverse outcomes.^a

Variable	Need for RRT		All-cause death		MACE
	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P
NGAL	1.21 (1.12–1.31)	<0.001	1.10 (1.01–1.19)	0.022	0.93 (0.87–0.98)	0.016
Age	0.97 (0.94–0.99)	0.014	–	–	0.98 (0.97–1.00)	0.071
Metabolic comorbidities	0.80 (0.24–3.70)	0.744	–	–	2.28 (0.79–9.69)	0.183
Atheropathic tendencies	0.40 (0.19–0.88)	0.021	0.85 (0.38–2.04)	0.696	1.84 (1.10–3.16)	0.023
Patients with CCF	3.17 (1.24–8.47)	0.017	4.55 (1.77–13.37)	0.003	1.37 (0.81–2.34)	0.24
Patients with SIRS	0.37 (0.10–1.18)	0.112	0.21 (0.01–1.24)	0.149	0.89 (0.46–1.69)	0.737
Patients with both CCF and SIRS	4.34 (1.63–11.82)	0.003	5.13 (1.83–15.75)	0.002	1.88 (1.00–3.49)	0.048

^aIncorporating clinical variables such as patient age, metabolic comorbidities and atheropathic tendencies, NGAL was able to predict three-month adverse outcomes of renal replacement therapy necessity (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.21, P<0.001), all-cause death (adjusted OR 1.10, P=0.022) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (atrial arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, cardiogenic shock requiring intra-arterial balloon pump, acute pulmonary oedema requiring intubation, acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous coronary intervention) (adjusted OR 0.93, P=0.016). Patient ‘metabolic comorbidities’ was removed from the model predicting all-cause death, because all patients who died in three months had at least one of these comorbidities. CCF: congestive cardiac failure, SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome