Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Therapeutic bronchoscopy for central airway obstruction.
| Type of stenotic lesion | Therapeutic modalities |
|---|---|
| Endoluminal | • Mechanical debulking |
| • Thermal ablation (e.g., argon plasma coagulation, laser, electrocautery) | |
| • Cryotherapy | |
| • Brachytherapy | |
| • Photodynamic therapy | |
|
| |
| Extraluminal | • Mechanical dilatation • Balloon dilatation • Airway stent |
|
| |
| Mixed | • A combination of the above options |
