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. 2023 Aug 4;43(7):3405–3416. doi: 10.1007/s10571-023-01392-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus activates the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary which activate the release of thyroid hormones (THs) in a positive feedback loop. Increasing levels of THs inhibit the release of both TRH and TSH in a negative feedback loop. Leptin activates the release of TRH from the hypothalamus; somatostatin (SS) and dopamine (DA) inhibit TSH release from the pituitary. Glucocorticoids and pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibit TSH release