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. 2023 Sep 4;13:14548. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41662-9

Table 3.

Patients with PD classified by autonomic symptoms.

Gastrointestinal symptom Urinary symptom Cardiovascular symptom Thermoregulatory symptom Pupillomotor symptom Sexual function symptom
No (n = 156) Yes (n = 558) p value No (n = 58) Yes (n = 656) p value No (n = 463) Yes (n = 251) p value No (n = 423) Yes (n = 291) p value No (n = 592) Yes (n = 122) p value No (n = 517) Yes (n = 197) p value
Age, years 62.02 [55.33, 67.00] 66.00 [59.94, 70.04]  < 0.001 63.00 [58.99, 67.00] 65.00 [59.00, 70.00] 0.022 65.00 [59.00, 69.85] 65.95 [59.29, 70.68] 0.214 65.00 [59.00, 70.00] 65.00 [59.00, 70.00] 0.741 65.00 [59.37, 70.00] 64.48 [56.80, 70.25] 0.591 65.00 [59.00, 70.00] 64.32 [58.88, 69.43] 0.343
Gender female, n (%) 61 (39.10) 215 (38.5) 0.971 29 (50.0) 247 (37.7) 0.087 181 (39.1) 95 (37.8) 0.806 151 (35.7) 125 (43.0) 0.060 225 (38.0) 51 (41.8) 0.495 214 (41.4) 62 (31.5) 0.019
Education, years 14.00[11.00, 17.00] 14.00 [11.00, 16.00] 0.114 13.00 [10.00, 15.75] 14.00 [11.00, 16.00] 0.082 14.00 [11.00, 16.00] 13.00 [11.00, 16.00] 0.067 15.00 [11.00, 16.00] 12.00 [11.00, 16.00]  < 0.001 14.00 [11.00, 16.00] 14.00 [12.00, 16.00] 0.029 12.00 [11.00, 16.00] 16.00 [14.00, 18.00]  < 0.001
Duration, years 0.62 [0.26, 1.87] 0.87 [0.29, 3.50] 0.015 1.10 [0.45, 3.56] 0.76 [0.28, 3.05] 0.292 0.79 [0.29, 2.90] 0.78 [0.28, 3.49] 0.731 0.68 [0.26, 2.53] 0.97 [0.29, 4.68] 0.002 0.92 [0.30, 3.46] 0.50 [0.23, 1.41] 0.001 1.49 [0.33, 4.33] 0.40 [0.23, 0.78]  < 0.001
Age of onset, years 59.38 [52.95,64.01] 62.00 [56.00, 67.00] 0.001 59.00 [55.00, 63.90] 61.90 [55.33, 67.00] 0.040 61.00 [55.20, 66.87] 62.00 [54.94, 67.00] 0.464 61.77 [55.78, 67.00] 61.00 [54.49, 66.61] 0.303 61.46 [55.72, 66.66] 60.99 [53.96, 68.18] 0.989 61.00 [55.00, 66.62] 62.59 [56.29, 68.06] 0.061
Hoehn and Yahr stage, n (%)  < 0.001 0.077 0.282 0.013 0.077  < 0.001
 Stage 1 77 (49.36) 161 (28.85) 25 (43.10) 213 (32.47) 162 (34.99) 76 (30.28) 148 (34.99) 90 (30.93) 198 (33.45) 40 (32.79) 154 (29.79) 84 (42.64)
 Stage 1.5 19 (12.18) 74 (13.27) 12 (20.69) 81 (12.35) 62 (13.39) 31 (12.35) 44 (10.40) 49 (16.84) 86 (14.53) 7 ( 5.74) 92 (17.79) 1 (0.51)
 Stage 2 52 (33.33) 263 (47.13) 18 (31.03) 297 (45.27) 201 (43.41) 114 (45.42) 199 (47.04) 116 (39.86) 253 (42.74) 62 (50.82) 206 (39.85) 109 (55.33)
 Stage ≥ 2.5 8 (5.13) 60 (10.75) 3(5.17) 65 (9.91) 38 (8.21) 30 (11.95) 32 (7.57) 46 (15.80) 55 (9.29) 13 (10.66) 65 (12.57) 3 (1.52)
MOCA score 26.00 [25.00, 28.00] 25.00 [24.00, 28.00] 0.014 25.00 [24.00, 26.75] 25.00 [25.00, 28.00] 0.054 25.00 [24.50, 28.00] 25.00 [24.50, 28.00] 0.397 26.00 [25.00, 28.00] 25.00 [24.00, 27.00]  < 0.001 25.00 [24.00, 28.00] 27.00 [25.00, 29.00]  < 0.001 25.00 [24.00, 27.00] 27.00 [26.00, 29.00]  < 0.001
LED, mg/day 96.95 (173.39) 187.34 (263.84)  < 0.001 181.90 (209.29) 166.32 (252.99) 0.649 158.45 (241.30) 184.44 (263.97) 0.184 129.54 (209.41) 222.90 (290.20)  < 0.001 184.53 (254.47) 85.37 (206.64)  < 0.001 227.33 (266.28) 10.79 (76.77)  < 0.001
Depression, n (%) 60 (38.46) 290 (51.97) 0.004 36 (62.07) 314 (47.87) 0.053 208 (45.93) 142 (56.57) 0.004 178 (42.08) 172 (59.11)  < 0.001 307 (51.86) 43 (35.25) 0.001 317 (61.32) 33 (16.75)  < 0.001
EDS, n (%) 10 ( 6.41) 70 (12.54) 0.045 2 (3.45) 78 (11.89) 0.082 43 (9.29) 37 (14.74) 0.037 40 (9.46) 40 (13.75) 0.096 62 (10.47) 18 (14.75) 0.227 43 (0.08) 37 (19.28)  < 0.001
pRBD, n (%) 23 (14.74) 169 (30.28)  < 0.001 7 (12.07) 471 (71.80) 0.012 107 (23.11) 85 (33.86) 0.003 100 (23.64) 92 (31.62) 0.023 307 (51.86) 43 (35.25) 0.001 110 (21.28) 82 (42.62)  < 0.001
MDS-UPDRS I score 2.83 (2.53) 4.66 (3.85)  < 0.001 2.05 (1.99) 4.45 (3.73)  < 0.001 3.74 (3.09) 5.22 (4.42)  < 0.001 3.74 (3.18) 5.00 (4.20)  < 0.001 3.78 (3.24) 6.57 (4.67)  < 0.001 3.51 (3.17) 6.22 (4.17)  < 0.001
MDS-UPDRS II score 4.70 (3.75) 8.30 (5.03)  < 0.001 4.86 (4.14) 7.75 (5.01)  < 0.001 6.69 (4.38) 9.02 (5.69)  < 0.001 6.49 (4.52) 8.99 (5.29)  < 0.001 7.38 (4.86) 8.16 (5.61) 0.118 7.88 (5.14) 6.55 (4.50) 0.002
MDS-UPDRS III score 15.72 (8.04) 18.03 (8.90) 0.004 12.71 (8.53) 17.95 (8.66)  < 0.001 17.04 (8.88) 18.40 (8.51) 0.048 17.87 (9.12) 17.01 (8.21) 0.200 17.05 (8.75) 19.82 (8.52) 0.001 16.26 (8.50) 20.82 (8.61)  < 0.001
MDS-UPDRS IV score 0.32 (0.80) 0.66 (1.38) 0.004 0.55 (0.86) 0.59 (1.32) 0.835 0.48 (1.04) 0.78 (1.63) 0.003 0.35 (0.89) 0.92 (1.65)  < 0.001 0.59 (1.19) 0.54 (1.69) 0.675 0.77 (1.33) 0.09 (1.01)  < 0.001
Subtypes, n (%) 0.045 0.585 0.044  < 0.001 0.003  < 0.001
Indeterminate 16 (10.26) 58 (10.39) 8 (13.80) 66 (10.06) 39 (8.42) 35 (13.94) 33 ( 7.81) 41 (14.09) 51 (8.61) 23 (18.86) 48 (9.28) 26 (13.20)
PIGD 52 (33.33) 245 (43.91) 25 (43.10) 272 (41.46) 191 (41.25) 106 (42.23) 135 (31.91) 162 (55.67) 251 (42.40) 46 (37.70) 261 (50.48) 36 (18.27)
TD 88 (56.41) 255 (45.70) 25 (43.10) 318 (48.48) 233 (50.33) 110 (43.83) 255 (60.28) 88 (30.24) 290 (48.99) 53 (43.44) 208 (40.24) 135 (68.53)

Abbreviations: PD Parkinson’s disease, MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment. All values expressed as mean (standard deviation), frequency (%), or median [interquartile range], MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorder Society revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, LED levodopa equivalent dose, EDS excessive daytime sleepiness, pRBD probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, PIGD postural instability and gait disturbance, TD tremor dominant. All values expressed as mean (standard deviation), frequency (%), or median [interquartile range].