Figure 4.

(A) ESCs and macrophages have mutual interaction by exosomes containing protein, RNA, and DNA. CHL1-AS1 lncRNA transposed from pMQs promotes invasion, migration, and proliferation by accumulating MDM2. Moreover, exosomes derived from ESCs can transfer miRNAs, including miR-146b, miR-301a-3p, and miR-887-5p which alter macrophage polarization into M2. (B) Upregulation of miR-301a-3p affects MTS1 expression and reduces it. With the reduction of MTS1, MAPK signaling is activated, resulting in the secretion of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. miR-887-5p is also involved in macrophage polarization by promoting of the PI3K signaling pathway. PTEN is a phosphatase inhibiting PI3K to produce Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP₃); by reduction of this phosphatase via miR-887-5p, PI3K signaling pathway acts more and skew macrophage into M2 phenotype.