Table 2.
Participants’ baseline characteristics.
| Variable | Men (n = 1849) | Women (n = 2,216) | All participants (N = 4,065) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age (years) | 71.7 | 5.6 | 71.6 | 5.6 | 71.6 | 5.6 |
| Chronic disease (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 42.0 | 38.7 | 40.2 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 17.2 | 8.3 | 12.4 | |||
| Stroke | 6.4 | 2.0 | 4.0 | |||
| Heart disease | 16.1 | 7.9 | 11.7 | |||
| IADL score | 4.7 | 0.8 | 4.9 | 0.6 | 4.8 | 0.7 |
| Social interaction score | 6.6 | 3.5 | 8.4 | 3.3 | 7.5 | 3.5 |
| Self-rated health (%) | ||||||
| Very healthy | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.2 | |||
| Healthy enough | 68.3 | 69.4 | 68.9 | |||
| Not very healthy | 15.3 | 14.8 | 15.0 | |||
| Not healthy | 5.1 | 4.7 | 4.9 | |||
| Perceived financial status (%) | ||||||
| Very comfortable | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.5 | |||
| A little comfortable | 32.3 | 34.9 | 33.7 | |||
| Neither comfortable nor hard | 39.1 | 41.6 | 40.4 | |||
| A little hard | 20.7 | 16.0 | 18.1 | |||
| Very hard | 4.7 | 3.8 | 4.2 | |||
| Living alone (%) | 16.3 | 24.7 | 20.9 | |||
| Social participation (%) | ||||||
| Neighborhood associations | 26.2 | 26.9 | 26.6 | |||
| Senior citizen clubs | 8.3 | 11.9 | 10.3 | |||
| Hobby groups | 22.9 | 39.1 | 31.8 | |||
| Sports groups | 18.7 | 26.2 | 22.8 | |||
| Volunteer groups | 7.0 | 8.6 | 7.9 | |||
| Duration of follow-up (years) | 4.9 | 2.9 | 5.3 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 2.9 |
SD, standard deviation; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.