Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants by smoking status (n = 1568).
| Characteristics | Never smoking (n = 311) |
Former smoking | Current smoking | P-value† | P-value‡ | |||||
| All (n = 334) |
Remote (n = 201) |
Recent (n = 133) |
All (n = 923) |
Light-to-moderate (n = 783) |
Heavy (n = 140) |
|||||
| Data are presented as means ± SD or n (%) or median (interquartile range). *Refers to P-value < 0.05 versus never smoking. †Refers to for the comparison between never, former and current smoking. ‡Refers to for the comparison between never smoking, remote and recent former smoking, and light-to-moderate and heavy current smoking. | ||||||||||
| Age, yrs | 70.0 ± 7.9 | 71.2 ± 7.0 | 71.4 ± 7.0 | 71.0 ± 6.9 | 67.1 ± 6.5* | 67.6 ± 7.0* | 64.4 ± 4.4* | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 3.3 | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 23.1 ± 3.4 | 23.4 ± 3.5 | 23.3 ± 3.5 | 24.3 ± 3.4 | 0.56 | 0.012 | |
| Waist circumstance, cm | 81.3 ± 9.0 | 81.5 ± 9.8 | 81.9 ± 9.9 | 80.9 ± 9.8 | 80.7 ± 9.7 | 80.3 ± 9.6 | 82.9 ± 9.9 | 0.37 | 0.019 | |
| Central obesity | 112 (36.0%) | 107 (32.0%) | 65 (32.3%) | 42 (31.6%) | 322 (34.9%) | 260 (33.2%) | 62 (44.3%) | 0.45 | 0.08 | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 138.5 ± 19.8 | 139.7 ± 18.9 | 140.6 ± 18.9 | 138.5 ± 18.9 | 137.6 ± 20.1 | 137.2 ± 19.8 | 139.5 ± 21.7 | 0.22 | 0.24 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81.2 ± 10.5 | 81.5 ± 10.1 | 81.8 ± 9.6 | 81.1 ± 10.8 | 81.6 ± 11.3 | 81.3 ± 11.0 | 83.6 ± 12.8 | 0.81 | 0.34 | |
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 76.8 ± 12.2 | 75.4 ± 12.6 | 76.0 ± 12.6 | 74.4 ± 12.7 | 73.6 ± 11.5* | 73.6 ± 11.5* | 73.7 ± 11.8 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 0.81 | 0.31 | |
| Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.4 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 0.14 | 0.31 | |
| Serum triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.6 (1.1–1.7) | 1.5 (1.1–1.7) | 1.6 (1.1–1.7) | 1.5 (1.1–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–1.7) | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 0.14 | 0.16 | |
| Current alcohol intake | 68 (21.9%) | 109 (32.6%)* | 77 (38.3%)* | 32 (24.1%) | 402 (43.6%)* | 329 (42.0%)* | 73 (52.1%)* | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Prevalence of hypertension | 147 (47.3%) | 174 (52.1%) | 110 (54.7%) | 64 (48.1%) | 388 (42.0%) | 336 (42.9%) | 52 (37.1%) | 0.004 | 0.009 | |
| Use of antihypertensive drugs | 124 (39.9%) | 153 (45.8%) | 96 (47.8%) | 57 (42.9%) | 329 (35.6%) | 287 (36.7%) | 42 (30.0%) | 0.72 | 0.94 | |
| Prevalence of diabetes mellitus | 15 (4.8%) | 14 (4.2%) | 8 (4.0%) | 6 (4.5%) | 39 (4.2%) | 34 (4.3%) | 5 (3.6%) | 0.88 | 0.98 | |