Table 3. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for the risk of mortality in remote and recent former smokers and light-to-moderate and heavy current smokers relative to never smokers according to age, hypertension, pulse rate and alcohol intake.
| Former smoking | Current smoking | P-value† | P-value‡ | ||||||
| All | Remote | Recent | All | Light-to-moderate | Heavy | ||||
| In multiple Cox regression, the adjusted variables included age, body mass index, pulse rate, alcohol intake, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose and the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus at baseline. †Refers to P-value for interaction with never, former smoking, and current smoking. ‡Refers to P-value for interaction with never smoking, remote and recent former smoking, and light-to-moderate and heavy current smoking. | |||||||||
| All-cause mortality | |||||||||
| Age, yrs | 0.10 | 0.09 | |||||||
| ≥ 70 (n = 604) | 1.01 (0.66–1.54) | 0.82 (0.50–1.34) | 1.43 (0.84–2.41) | 1.24 (0.83–1.86) | 1.16 (0.77–1.76) | 4.43 (1.96–10.00) | |||
| < 70 (n = 964) | 1.83 (0.89–3.79) | 1.61 (0.70–3.72) | 2.18 (0.91–5.24) | 1.12 (0.58–2.17) | 1.01 (0.51–2.00) | 1.73 (0.74–4.02) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.99 | 0.97 | |||||||
| Yes (n = 709) | 1.20 (0.73–1.98) | 0.97 (0.55–1.72) | 1.72 (0.92–3.20) | 1.19 (0.73–1.93) | 1.12 (0.68–1.83) | 2.69 (1.17–6.15) | |||
| No (n = 854) | 1.21 (0.72–2.05) | 1.02 (0.54–1.91) | 1.52 (0.81–2.90) | 1.21 (0.74–1.96) | 1.13 (0.69–1.86) | 2.15 (1.01–4.57) | |||
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||||||
| ≥ 70 (n = 952) | 1.14 (0.75–1.72) | 0.90 (0.56–1.46) | 1.69 (1.00–2.84) | 0.89 (0.59–1.33) | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) | 1.22 (0.57–2.63) | |||
| < 70 (n = 599) | 1.69 (0.79–3.61) | 1.44 (0.60–3.45) | 2.21 (0.91–5.37) | 2.45 (1.22–4.91) | 2.23 (1.10–4.54) | 7.86 (3.06–20.19) | |||
| Alcohol intake | 0.30 | 0.67 | |||||||
| Yes (n = 579) | 1.18 (0.47–2.96) | 1.09 (0.41–2.93) | 1.42 (0.44–4.54) | 1.60 (0.72–3.58) | 1.51 (0.67–3.41) | 2.63 (0.92–7.50) | |||
| No (n = 913) | 1.20 (0.80–1.78) | 0.95 (0.59–1.53) | 1.63 (1.00–2.64) | 1.07 (0.72–1.59) | 0.99 (0.66–1.50) | 2.39 (1.17–4.89) | |||
| Cardiovascular mortality | |||||||||
| Age, yrs | 0.56 | 0.87 | |||||||
| ≥ 70 (n = 604) | 0.65 (0.36–1.19) | 0.55 (0.27–1.10) | 0.90 (0.40–2.04) | 0.82 (0.46–1.45) | 0.83 (0.47–1.47) | 0.46 (0.05–4.59) | |||
| < 70 (n = 964) | 1.12 (0.31–3.99) | 0.71 (0.13–3.86) | 1.75 (0.40–7.61) | 0.72 (0.24–2.19) | 0.71 (0.23–2.20) | 0.81 (0.15–4.45) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.43 | 0.69 | |||||||
| Yes (n = 709) | 0.73 (0.37–1.47) | 0.59 (0.26–1.32) | 1.11 (0.45–2.76) | 0.57 (0.28–1.14) | 0.58 (0.29–1.17) | 0.37 (0.04–3.51) | |||
| No (n = 854) | 0.62 (0.26–1.51) | 0.48 (0.15–1.47) | 0.89 (0.29–2.77) | 1.00 (0.49–2.07) | 1.02 (0.49–2.13) | 0.91 (0.19–4.39) | |||
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 0.38 | 0.70 | |||||||
| ≥ 70 (n = 952) | 0.60 (0.32–1.11) | 0.46 (0.22–0.98) | 0.96 (0.41–2.25) | 0.67 (0.38–1.19) | 0.68 (0.38–1.22) | 0.49 (0.10–2.41) | |||
| < 70 (n = 599) | 1.76 (0.53–5.79) | 1.46 (0.37–5.77) | 2.27 (0.55–9.31) | 1.77 (0.57–5.51) | 1.80 (0.57–5.63) | 2.08 (0.21–20.78) | |||
| Alcohol intake | 0.39 | 0.54 | |||||||
| Yes (n = 579) | 0.56 (0.14–2.20) | 0.63 (0.14–2.80) | 0.43 (0.05–3.84) | 1.11 (0.40–3.13) | 1.08 (0.38–3.07) | 1.65 (0.28–9.82) | |||
| No (n = 913) | 0.80 (0.44–1.45) | 0.60 (0.29–1.25) | 1.21 (0.57–2.58) | 0.69 (0.37–1.27) | 0.73 (0.39–1.34) | 0.30 (0.04–2.62) | |||
| Non-cardiovascular mortality | |||||||||
| Age, yrs | 0.06 | 0.02 | |||||||
| ≥ 70 (n = 604) | 1.57 (0.85–2.92) | 1.23 (0.61–2.50) | 2.24 (1.09–4.60) | 1.91 (1.05–3.48) | 1.67 (0.90–3.08) | 10.46 (4.09–26.76) | |||
| < 70 (n = 964) | 2.37 (0.96–5.87) | 2.29 (0.84–6.23) | 2.51 (0.84–7.55) | 1.41 (0.61–3.26) | 1.22 (0.52–2.91) | 2.38 (0.86–6.56) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.62 | 0.84 | |||||||
| Yes (n = 709) | 1.95 (0.92–4.14) | 1.59 (0.69–3.66) | 2.70 (1.11–6.53) | 2.21 (1.07–4.53) | 1.98 (0.95–4.12) | 5.90 (2.15–16.14) | |||
| No (n = 854) | 1.84 (0.93–3.66) | 1.62 (0.73–3.59) | 2.18 (0.97–4.92) | 1.41 (0.73–2.74) | 1.23 (0.63–2.49) | 3.07 (1.23–7.67) | |||
| Pulse rate, beats/min | 0.02 | 0.03 | |||||||
| ≥ 70 (n = 952) | 1.99 (1.11–3.57) | 1.60 (0.83–3.11) | 2.78 (1.38–5.59) | 1.22 (0.68–2.20) | 1.14 (0.62–2.09) | 1.99 (0.79–5.03) | |||
| < 70 (n = 599) | 1.79 (0.66–4.87) | 1.52 (0.48–4.80) | 2.35 (0.73–7.53) | 2.99 (1.21–7.41) | 2.59 (1.02–6.56) | 11.89 (3.80–37.12) | |||
| Alcohol intake | 0.50 | 0.82 | |||||||
| Yes (n = 579) | 2.78 (0.61–12.75) | 2.36 (0.48–11.60) | 3.87 (0.70–21.36) | 3.03 (0.72–12.78) | 2.79 (0.65–11.87) | 4.91 (0.98–24.64) | |||
| No (n = 913) | 1.66 (0.96–2.89) | 1.34 (0.71–2.56) | 2.12 (1.11–4.07) | 1.50 (0.87–2.57) | 1.29 (0.74–2.27) | 4.65 (2.06–10.52) | |||