Table 2.

Risk of bias assessment.

Studies	Randomisation process	Deviations from the intended interventions	Missing outcome data	Measurement of the outcome	Selection of the reported result	Overall risk-of-bias judgement
Cain et al. (2022)	#	#	#	#
Ghoshchi et al. (2020)
Mead et al. (2022)
Ntsiea et al. (2015)
Radford et al. (2020)	^	^	^	^

Key: Low risk of bias; Some concerns of bias; High risk of bias.

For papers which were sub-studies, the original papers were retrieved and reviewed to evaluate the risk of bias.

# Information was obtained from the original study protocol paper (23).

^ Information was obtained from the original study protocol papers (24, 25).