Table 1. Main immune checkpoints antibodies and their principal indications for the treatment of solid tumors.
| Immune checkpoint inhibitors | Immunoglobulin type | Target molecule | Tumour type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ipilimumab (MDX-010) | IgG-1κ | CTLA-4 | Advanced melanoma (alone second-line or in combination with nivolumab in first-line) |
| Advanced renal cancer (in combination with nivolumab in first-line) | |||
| Advanced lung cancer (in combination with chemotherapy and nivolumab in first-line) | |||
| Advanced pleural mesothelioma (in combination with nivolumab in first-line) | |||
| Advanced dMMR colorectal cancer (in combination with nivolumab in first-line) | |||
| Advanced squamous oesophageal cancer (in combination with nivolumab with PD-L1 ≥1%) | |||
| Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) | IgG-4κ | PD-1 | Advanced melanoma and adjuvant (alone) |
| First-line metastatic NSCLC (alone in first PD-L1 ≥50% or in combination with CT in PD-L1 <50%) | |||
| Second line metastatic NSCLC (alone with PD-L1 ≥1%) | |||
| Refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (alone) | |||
| Advanced bladder cancer (alone in second-line) | |||
| Advanced head and neck cancer (in first line in combination with CT in CPS ≥1 or monotherapy in CPS ≥50%) | |||
| Advanced renal cancer (in combination with lenvatinib or axitinib) or in adjuvant | |||
| All dMMR solid tumours (alone in first-line) | |||
| Advanced oesophageal cancer (plus CT in CPS ≥10%) | |||
| Advanced triple negative breast cancer (plus CT in CPS ≥10% or PD-L1+) | |||
| Neoadjuvant and adjuvant triple negative breast cancer (plus CT) | |||
| Advanced endometrial cancer (second-line with lenvatinib) | |||
| Advanced cervical cancer (first-line with CT +/− bevacizumab in CPS ≥1) | |||
| Nivolumab (MDX-1106) | IgG4 | PD-1 | Advanced melanoma (plus CT or alone) and adjuvant (alone) |
| First-line metastatic NSCLC (plus nivolumab and CT) | |||
| Second-line metastatic NSCLC (alone) | |||
| Advanced pleural mesothelioma (in combination with ipilimumab) | |||
| Advanced renal cancer (first-line with ipilimumab or cabozantinib and second-line alone) | |||
| Refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (alone) | |||
| Advanced bladder cancer (alone in second-line) | |||
| Advanced head and neck cancer (alone in second-line) | |||
| Advanced dMMR colorectal cancer (in combination with ipilimumab) | |||
| Advanced oesophageal cancer (plus CT or alone or plus ipilimumab) | |||
| Neoadjuvant in NSCLC plus CT (stage IB–III) | |||
| Atezolizumab (MPDL3280A) | IgG1 | PD-L1 | Advanced bladder cancer (alone in second line) |
| Metastatic NSCLC (in first-line in combination with CT and bevacizumab or in second-line alone) | |||
| Adjuvant NSCLC (stage II–III) after surgery and CT | |||
| Advanced SCLC (in first-line plus CT) | |||
| Durvalumab (MEDI4736) | IgG1 | PD-L1 | Locally advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (after CT/RT with PD-L1 ≥1% in tumour cells) |
| Advanced SCLC (in first-line plus CT) | |||
| Avelumab (MSB0010718C) | IgG1 | PD-L1 | Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (alone) |
| Advanced urothelial cancer in maintenance after CT in first-line | |||
| Advanced renal cancer (plus axitinib in first-line) | |||
| Cemiplimab (REGN-2810) | IgG4 | PD-1 | Advanced squamous cell carcinoma (first-line alone) |
| Advanced nasal-cell carcinoma (after or not tolerance to vismodegib) | |||
| Advanced NSCLC (alone in first-line in PD-L1 ≥50%) | |||
| Dostarlimab (TSR-042) | IgG4 | PD-1 | Advanced dMMR endometrial cancer (alone in second-line) |
| Relatlimab (BMS-986016) | IgG4 | LAG-3 | Advanced melanoma (in combination with nivolumab in first-line)† |
†, only approved by FDA. dMMR, deficiency of the mismatch repair; CPS, Combined Positive Score; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; CT, chemotherapy; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; RT, radiotherapy; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene-3.