Figure 8.

Synthetic bacterial vesicles combined with tumor extracellular vesicles as cancer immunotherapy. A) Schematic diagram of the isolation of E. coli‐derived SyBV. B) Levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF‐α (left) and IL‐6 (right) productions from RAW 264.7 cells treated with various doses of OMV or SyBV. C) Representative images of uptake of DiO‐labeled E. coli SyBV (green) by BMDCs at 6 h. D) Percentages of CD86⁺, CD83⁺, CD40⁺, and MHC II⁺ BMDCs treated with PBS and E. coli SyBV acquired from the flow cytometry results. E) Mice were s.c. immunized with tEV and/or SyBV for five times at 3‐day intervals following B16F10 inoculation. The tumor growth was monitored every 1 or 2 days. F) Pictures of mice and dissected tumors and tumor weight. G) Representative melanoma histology images on day 17 after immunization. Arrows indicate necrotic areas. H) Comparisons of the adjuvant activities of SyBV to that of other traditional adjuvants in terms of induction of human tEV‐specific IgG. I) Mice were i.p. injected with human tEV and/or SyBV for three times at weekly intervals, and then the human tEV‐specific IgG and IgG2a titers were measured in the blood. J) The levels of human tEV‐specific CD4⁺ T cell‐derived TNF‐α and IFN‐γ after CD4⁺ T cells were isolated from immunized spleens. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 215 ]} Copyright 2021, Wiley.