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. 2023 Aug 14;38(9):1655–1679. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dead156

Table 2.

Quality (certainty) of evidence categories (adapted from GRADE)

High ⊕⊕⊕⊕ Very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect.

Moderate ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate confidence in the effect estimate. The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is different.

Low ⊕⊕◯◯ Limited confidence in the effect estimate. The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect.

Very Low ⊕◯◯◯ Very little confidence in the effect estimate. The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect.

GRADE, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.