. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 5.

Published in final edited form as: Public Health Nurs. 2021 Feb 15;38(4):555–563. doi: 10.1111/phn.12878

TABLE 2.

Associations between experience of IPV before pregnancy, substance use, and perceived stress

	PSS score^b M ± SD
Experiences of IPV before pregnancy^a
No	18.64 ± 6.11^*
Yes	22.67 ± 6.15
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy
No	18.74 ± 6.18
Yes	20.00 ± 6.04
Marijuana use during pregnancy
No	18.53 ± 6.08^*
Yes	21.48 ± 5.76
Alcohol use during pregnancy
No	18.76 ± 6.10
Yes	22.38 ± 6.55

Abbreviations: IPV, intimate partner violence; M, mean; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; SD, standard deviation.

Experience of IPV during the 12 months before pregnancy.

Perceived stress during the past month prior to data collection.

p <.05.