Table 1.

Channelopathies of GJ Genes and the Resulting Patterning Defects

Gap Junction Protein	Morphogenetic Role or LOF Phenotype	Species	Reference
Innexins	Gonad and germline morphogenesis	C. elegans	(Starich et al., 2014)
Innexin1,2	Epithelial patterning, foregut development	Drosophila	(Bauer et al., 2002)
Innexin 2	Eye size	Drosophila	(Richard and Hoch, 2015)
Innexins	Foregut, cuticle (epithelial) patterning	Drosophila	(Bauer et al., 2004)
Connexin 43	Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), heart defects (outflow tract and conotruncal), left-right asymmetry randomization, Osteoblast differentiation problems, craniofacial defects, myogenesis	Human, mouse, chick	(Britz-Cunningham et al., 1995; Reaume et al., 1995; Ewart et al., 1997; Becker et al., 1999; Levin and Mercola, 1999; Lecanda et al., 2000; Araya et al., 2003; Pizzuti et al., 2004; Debeer et al., 2005; Civitelli, 2008)
Connexin 37	Lymphatic system patterning	Mouse	(Kanady et al., 2011., 2015)
Connexin 45	Cardiac defects (cushion patterning)	Mouse	(Kumai et al., 2000; Nishii et al., 2001)
Connexin 50, Connexin 46	eye patterning (differentiation and proliferation, especially lens),	Mouse	(White, 2002)
Connexin 26	Cochlear development	Mouse	(Chang et al., 2014)
Connexin 41.8	Pigmentation pattern	Zebrafish	(Watanabe et al., 2006)
Connexin 43	Fin size and pattern regulation Craniofrontonasal syndrome	Zebrafish Mouse	(Iovine et al., 2005; Davy et al., 2006; Hoptak-Solga et al., 2008; Sims et al., 2009)
Innexin 4, Innexin 2	Germline differentiation and spermatogenesis	Drosophila	(Smendziuk et al., 2015)
Pannexin 3	Skeletal development	Mouse	(Oh et al., 2015)