Table 1.
Demographics, oral health, and cognition of the study participants
| Variables | Total (N = 677) | Male (N = 296) | Female (N = 381) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.0 (63.0, 68.0) | 66.0 (63.0, 68.0) | 65.0 (63.0, 67.0) | 0.382 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 (20.9, 25.3) | 22.4 (20.4, 24.8) | 23.3 (21.6, 25.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Education (year) | 5.0 (0.0, 9.0) | 9.0 (6.0, 9.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 6.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Toothbrushing frequency | 0.134 | ||||
| 0–1 time daily | 404 (59.7) | 180 (60.8) | 224 (58.8) | ||
| 2–3 times daily | 141 (20.8) | 52 (17.6) | 89 (23.4) | ||
| Missing | 132 (19.5) | 64 (21.6) | 68 (17.9) | ||
| Smoking | 231 (34.1) | 223 (75.3) | 8 (2.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Alcohol consumption | 241 (35.6) | 212 (71.6) | 29 (7.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 273 (40.3) | 108 (36.5) | 165 (43.3) | 0.086 | |
| Diabetes | 70 (10.3) | 26 (8.8) | 44 (11.6) | 0.296 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 325 (48.0) | 121 (40.9) | 204 (53.5) | 0.001 | |
| MMSE | 25 (21, 27) | 27 (24, 28) | 23 (17, 26) | < 0.001 | |
| MoCA | 16 (12, 21) | 19 (16, 23) | 13 (9, 18) | < 0.001 | |
| Cognitive group | < 0.001 | ||||
| Normal cognition | 435 (64.3) | 216 (73.0) | 219 (57.5) | ||
| MCI | 187 (27.6) | 75 (25.3) | 112 (29.4) | ||
| Dementia | 55 (8.1) | 5 (1.7) | 50 (13.1) | ||
| DT | 2.5 (3.2) | 2.0 (2.6) | 3.0 (3.4) | < 0.001 | |
| MT | 5.7 (6.1) | 5.3 (5.6) | 6.1 (6.5) | 0.091 | |
| FT* | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.174 | |
| DMFT | 8.4 (7.1) | 7.3 (6.6) | 9.2 (7.4) | < 0.001 | |
| DFRoot | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.7 (1.3) | 0.339 | |
| Present tooth number | 26.3 (6.1) | 26.7 (5.6) | 26.0 (6.5) | 0.091 | |
| CI | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | < 0.001 | |
| GBI | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.591 | |
| PD, mm | 1.8 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.6) | 0.091 | |
| CAL, mm | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Severity of periodontitis (%) | 0.044 | ||||
| No/Mild/Moderate | 319 (47.1) | 126 (42.6) | 193 (50.7) | ||
| Severe or edentulous | 358 (52.9) | 170 (57.4) | 188 (49.3) | ||
| Restoration of missing teeth (%) | 0.434 | ||||
| No missing teeth unrestored | 374 (55.2) | 158 (53.4) | 216 (56.7) | ||
| With missing teeth unrestored | 303 (44.8) | 138 (46.6) | 165 (43.3) | ||
Data were presented as N (%) or median (P25, P75) or mean (SD).
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; CAL, clinical attachment loss; CI, calculus index; DFRoot, decayed and filled root; DMFT, decayed, missing and filled teeth; DT, decayed teeth; FT, filled teeth; GBI, gingival bleeding index; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MT, missing teeth; PD, probing depth
The Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test were used to calculate p values