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. 2023 Sep 5;23:634. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03355-7

Table 7.

Two-by-two table of perceived functional need and professionally assessed functional need categorized by educational level

Education level Perceived functional need Professionally assessed functional need p value* Overestimation % Underestimation %
Negative Positive
Primary Yes 15 26 0.0116* 93.75 86.67
No 1 4
High school Yes 9 13 0.0348* 81.82 86.67
No 2 2
Higher education Yes 3 5 0.2615 33.33 100
No 6 0

*For 2-by-2 tables, Bowker’s test is equivalent to McNemar’s test (P ≤ 0.05)