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. 2023 Sep 4;14:232. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03469-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Multiple injections of ENSCs partially restore colorectal dysmotility of nNOS^−/− mouse in vivo. Delayed rectal bead expulsion time seen in Sham-operated nNOS^−/− (KO) mice is normalized by multiple injections of ENSCs [A KO (Sham) vs. KO (30NS × 3), *p < 0.05], but not by single injection. Fecal pellet output is significantly lower in Sham-operated KO (B *p < 0.05) whereas injection of ENSCs restored this phenotype [B KO (Sham) vs. KO (30NS × 3), **p < 0.01; KO (Sham) vs. KO (30NS × 1), *p < 0.05]. Colonic smooth muscle activity measured by electromyography in vivo demonstrated significantly decreased activity in Sham-operated KO in comparison to Sham-operated WT [C WT (Sham) vs. KO (Sham), *p < 0.05] whereas multiple injections of ENSCs significantly improved muscle activity [C KO (Sham) vs. KO (30NS × 3), **p < 0.01]